Pregnancy outcome is the final result of a fertilization event. Types of pregnancy outcomes include live birth (full term or preterm birth), stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, and induced abortion. Disparities between developed and developing countries are highlighted for maternal mortality, infant mortality, stillbirth and low birth weight. The higher rate of low birth weight in developing countries is primarily due to intrauterine growth restriction rather than preterm birth. Much of the excess intrauterine growth restriction is caused by short maternal stature, low prepregnancy body mass index and low gestational weight gain (due to low energy intake). No important contribution has been established for micronutrient intake, nor have different fetal growth trajectories been demonstrated to reflect the timing of exposure to nutritional or other etiologic factors.
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Women's Health and Complications 