Human papillomavirus infection (HPV infection) is an infection caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV).[4] About 90% of HPV infections cause no symptoms and resolve spontaneously within two years.[1] However, in some cases, an HPV infection persists and results in either warts or precancerous lesions.[2] These lesions, depending on the site affected, increase the risk of cancer of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, mouth, or throat.[1][2] Nearly all cervical cancer is due to HPV; two types, HPV16 and HPV18, account for 70% of cases.[1][6] Between 60% and 90% of the other cancers listed above are also linked to HPV.[6] HPV6 and HPV11 are common causes of genital warts and laryngeal papillomatosis.[1]
An HPV infection is caused by human papillomavirus, a DNA virus from the papillomavirus family.[7] Over 170 types have been described.[7] More than 40 types may be spread through sexual contact and infect the anus and genitals.[3] Risk factors for persistent infection by sexually transmitted types include early age of first sexual intercourse, multiple sexual partners, smoking, and poor immune function.[1] These types are typically spread by sustained direct skin-to-skin contact, with vaginal and anal sex being the most common methods.[3] Also, HPV infection can spread from a mother to baby during pregnancy.[8] HPV does not spread via common items like toilet seats,[8] but the types that cause warts may spread via surfaces such as floors.[9] People can become infected with more than one type of HPV.[8] HPV affects only humans.
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Women's Health and Complications 