Childbirth, also known as labour and delivery, is the ending of pregnancy where one or more babies leaves the uterus by passing through the vagina or by Caesarean section.^[7] In 2015, there were about 135 million births globally.^[8] About 15 million were born before 37 weeks of gestation,^[9] while between 3 and 12 percent were born after 42 weeks.^[10] In the developed world most deliveries occur in hospitals,^[11][12] while in the developing world most births take place at home with the support of a traditional birth attendant.^[13]

The most common way of childbirth is a vaginal delivery.^[6] It involves three stages of labour: the shortening and opening of the cervix, descent and birth of the baby, and the delivery of the placenta.^[14] The first stage typically lasts 12 to 19 hours, the second stage 20 minutes to two hours, and the third stage five to 30 minutes.^[15] The first stage begins with crampy abdominal or back pain that last around half a minute and occur every 10 to 30 minutes.^[14] The pain becomes stronger and closer together over time.^[15] During the second stage, pushing with contractions may occur.^[15] In the third stage, delayed clamping of the umbilical cord is generally recommended.^[16] A number of methods can help with pain, such as relaxation techniques, opioids, and spinal blocks.^[15]

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Endometriosis is a problem affecting a woman’s uterus—the place where a baby grows when a woman is pregnant. Endometriosis is when the kind of tissue that normally lines the uterus grows somewhere else. It can grow on the ovaries, behind the uterus, on the bowels, or on the bladder. Rarely, it grows in other parts of the body.

This “misplaced” tissue can cause pain, infertility, and very heavy periods. The pain is usually in the abdomen, lower back, or pelvic areas. Some women have no symptoms at all, and having trouble getting pregnant may be the first sign they have endometriosis.

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Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a chronic bladder condition resulting in recurring discomfort or pain in the bladder or surrounding pelvic region. People with IC usually have inflamed or irritated bladder walls that can cause scarring and stiffening of the bladder. IC can affect anyone; however, it is more common in women than men. Some people have some or none of the following symptoms:

• Abdominal or pelvic mild discomfort.
• Frequent urination.
• A feeling of urgency to urinate.
• Feeling of abdominal or pelvic pressure.
• Tenderness.
• Intense pain in the bladder or pelvic region.
• Severe lower abdominal pain that intensifies as the urinary bladder fills or empties.

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In 2012, some 4.7 million women died from noncommunicable diseases before they reached the age of 70 —most of them in low- and middle-income countries. They died as a result of road traffic accidents, harmful use of tobacco, abuse of alcohol, drugs and substances, and obesity — more than 50% of women are overweight in Europe and the Americas. Helping girls and women adopt healthy lifestyles early on is key to a long and healthy life.

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Evidence suggests that women are more prone than men to experience anxiety, depression, and somatic complaints – physical symptoms that cannot be explained medically. Depression is the most common mental health problem for women and suicide a leading cause of death for women under 60. Helping sensitise women to mental health issues, and giving them the confidence to seek assistance, is vital.

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Narrow artificial intelligence (narrow AI) is a specific type of artificial intelligence in which a technology outperforms humans in some very narrowly defined task. Unlike general artificial intelligence, narrow artificial intelligence focuses on a single subset of cognitive abilities and advances in that spectrum.

General AI is where we are going. Narrow AI refers to AI which is able to handle just one particular task. … General AI — strong AI — is something altogether more sophisticated. This refers to a system which is able to cope with any generalised task which is asked of it, much like a human.

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Perinatal asphyxia (also known as neonatal asphyxia or birth asphyxia) is the medical condition resulting from deprivation of oxygen to a newborn infant that lasts long enough during the birth process to cause physical harm, usually to the brain.Without oxygen, cell death can occur in 2-4 minutes. Symptoms of asphyxia might include difficulty breathing, inability to breathe, developing a blueish tint to the skin, irregular heart rate, weakness, and seizures. Long-term results of asphyxia include coma and death.

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Metastatic breast cancer is breast cancer that has spread beyond the breast and nearby lymph nodes to other organs in the body (most often the bones, lungs, liver or brain). Although metastatic breast cancer has spread to another part of the body, it’s still breast cancer and treated as breast cancer.

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Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), also known as infiltrating ductal carcinoma, is cancer that began growing in a milk duct and has invaded the fibrous or fatty tissue of the breast outside of the duct. IDC is the most common form of breast cancer, representing 80 percent of all breast cancer diagnoses.

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Polycystic ovary syndrome, or PCOS, is a hormonal condition that women can get during their childbearing years. It can affect your ability to have a child (your doctor will call it your fertility). It can also:

• Stop your periods or make them hard to predict
• Cause acne and unwanted body and facial hair
• Raise your risk of other health problems, including diabetes and high blood pressure

You can get treatments for the symptoms. And you could be able to get pregnant, although you may need to take medicines to improve your fertility.

Some women with PCOS have cysts on their ovaries. That’s why it’s called “polycystic.” But the name is misleading because many women with PCOS don’t have cysts.

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