Breast density is a term that describes the relative amount of these different types of breast tissue as seen on a mammogram. Dense breasts have relatively high amounts of glandular tissue and fibrous connective tissue and relatively low amounts of fatty breast tissue. Only a mammogram can show if a woman has dense breasts. Dense breast tissue cannot be felt in a clinical breast exam or in a breast self-exam. For this reason, dense breasts are sometimes referred to as mammographically dense breasts. Nearly half of all women age 40 and older who get mammograms are found to have dense breasts. Breast density is often inherited, but other factors can influence it. Factors associated with lower breast density include increasing age, having children, and using tamoxifen. Factors associated with higher breast density include using postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy and having a low body mass index.

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Brachytherapy is a procedure that involves placing radioactive material inside your body. Brachytherapy is one type of radiation therapy that’s used to treat cancer. Brachytherapy is sometimes called internal radiation. Brachytherapy is a form of radiotherapy where a sealed radiation source is placed inside or next to the area requiring treatment. Brachy is Greek for short distance. High-dose rate brachytherapy lasts about 30 minutes. General feeling of fatigue. Brachytherapy used for uterine, cervical, vaginal or prostate cancer can lead to short-term urinary symptoms including urinary retention, pain on urination, incontinence and inability to urinate. Brachytherapy for these cancers can also lead to diarrhea, constipation and some rectal bleeding.

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Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy is the removal of both breasts to prevent breast cancer. Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy lowers the risk of breast cancer in women at high risk by at least 90 percent [202,297-300]. A mastectomy isn’t able to remove all of a woman’s breast tissue. Prophylactic mastectomy is surgery to remove one or both breasts to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer. According to the National Cancer Institute, prophylactic mastectomy in women who carry a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation may be able to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer by 95%. In women with a strong family history of breast cancer, prophylactic mastectomy can reduce the risk of breast cancer development by up to 90%.

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Phyllodes tumors are rare, but they are usually benign. They tend to grow quickly, so they’re usually felt as a lump first. It can be difficult to tell the difference between a benign phyllodes tumor and a fibroadenoma, which is the most common type of benign breast tumor. Most phyllodes tumors are benign, but in rare cases they can be malignant (cancerous). In addition, their behavior is unpredictable. In rare cases, a benign tumor can recur (grow back) as a cancer. So they’re a little different from the other benign breast conditions linked to a slight increase in breast cancer risk. Phyllodes tumors develop in the breast’s connective tissue, which is called the stroma. The stroma includes the fatty tissue and ligaments that surround the ducts, lobules, and blood and lymph vessels in the breast. The tumor can contain both connective tissue and glandular tissue (the kind that makes up the ducts and lobules). Phyllodes tumors are rare, but they are usually benign. They tend to grow quickly, so they’re usually felt as a lump first. It can be difficult to tell the difference between a benign phyllodes tumor and a fibroadenoma, which is the most common type of benign breast tumor.

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Benign breast conditions (also called benign breast diseases) are noncancerous disorders of the breast. They can occur in both women and men. There are many types of benign breast conditions. Your health care provider may use the term fibrocystic change to describe a range of benign breast conditions. There are many types of benign breast conditions. Your health care provider may use the term fibrocystic change to describe a range of benign breast conditions. Some benign breast conditions can cause discomfort or pain and need treatment. Others don’t need treatment. Many benign breast conditions mimic the signs and symptoms of breast cancer. These conditions will need follow-up tests and sometimes a biopsy for diagnosis. Having a benign breast condition can be scary at first because the symptoms often mimic those caused by breast cancer. You or your doctor might be able to feel a lump or see nipple discharge, or your mammogram might pick up something that requires further testing. Any abnormal change in the breast can be a sign of cancer and needs to be checked out. However, many changes turn out to be benign. In fact, benign breast conditions are quite common — even more common than breast cancer.

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Hormone therapy drugs that lower estrogen levels in the body by blocking aromatase, an enzyme that converts other hormones into estrogen. Aromatase inhibitors are used to treat hormone-receptor positive breast cancer. Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are a class of drugs used in the treatment of breast cancer in postmenopausal women and gynecomastia in men. They may also be used off-label to reduce estrogen conversion when using external testosterone. They may also be used for chemoprevention in high risk women. During chemo, extra fluids and steroids together with less physical activity and a yearning for sweets all combine to cause weight gain.

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Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation — one or more missed menstrual periods. Women who have missed at least three menstrual periods in a row have amenorrhea, as do girls who haven’t begun menstruation by age 15. The most common cause of amenorrhea is pregnancy. The most common cause of amenorrhea is pregnancy. Other causes of amenorrhea include problems with the reproductive organs or with the glands that help regulate hormone levels. Treatment of the underlying condition often resolves amenorrhea.

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A vulvar/vaginal biopsy takes one or more samples of tissue from the vulva or vagina. The vulva is the outer parts of the female genitals, including the labia, which are often called the lips, and the clitoris. The vagina is the opening that leads to the cervix, which is the entrance to the uterus. A biopsy is done to determine why you may have noticed itching, redness, swelling or changes in color to your vulva or vagina. It may also be done if you have a lump or sore that has recently appeared. The biopsy area will be cleaned with an antiseptic liquid. If you are having a vaginal biopsy, your provider will use a speculum to open your vagina. A speculum is the same instrument used during a Pap smear. Numbing medicine will be injected into the area that is going to be biopsied. One or more small pieces of tissue will be removed and sent to a lab for analysis. If you require stitches, dissolvable stitches will most likely be used, which do not need to be removed by your provider. You may feel some discomfort and pressure during the procedure.

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An endometrial biopsy is the removal of a small piece of tissue from the endometrium, which is the lining of the uterus. This tissue sample can show cell changes due to abnormal tissues or variations in hormone levels. Taking a small sample of endometrial tissue helps your doctor diagnose certain medical conditions. A biopsy can also check for uterine infections such as endometritis. An endometrial biopsy may be performed to help diagnose abnormalities of the uterus. It can also rule out other diseases. Your doctor may want to perform an endometrial biopsy to: find the cause of postmenopausal bleeding or abnormal uterine bleeding, screen for endometrial cancer, evaluate fertility, test your response to hormone therapy.

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A colposcopy is a method of examining the cervix, vagina, and vulva with a surgical instrument called a colposcope. The procedure is usually performed if the results of a Pap smear (the screening test used to identify abnormal cervical cells) are unusual. Colposcopy is a medical diagnostic procedure to examine an illuminated, magnified view of the cervix as well as the vagina and vulva. Many pre-malignant lesions and malignant lesions in these areas have discernible characteristics that can be detected through the examination A colposcope is a large, electric microscope with a bright light that enables your doctor to see your cervix more clearly and under magnification. The procedure to retrieve a tissue sample from inside the opening of the cervix is called endocervical curettage (ECC). The samples are sent to a lab for examination by a pathologist.

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