Irregular cycles can be ovulatory, meaning that ovulation occurs, or anovulatory, meaning ovulation does not occur. The most common menstrual irregularities include:  Oligomenorrhea or infrequent menstrual periods: Periods that occur more than 35 days apart. For most women, a normal menstrual cycle ranges from 21 to 35 days. However, 14% to 25% of women have irregular menstrual cycles, meaning the cycles are shorter or longer than normal; are heavier or lighter than normal; or are experienced with other problems, like abdominal cramps. Irregular cycles can be ovulatory, meaning that ovulation occurs, or anovulatory, meaning ovulation does not occur. Menstrual cycle irregularities can have many different causes, including: Pregnancy or breast-feeding. Eating disorders, extreme weight loss or excessive exercising, Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), Premature ovarian failure, Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), Uterine fibroids.

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Hormone therapy: Oestrogen therapy remains, by far, the most effective treatment option for relieving menopausal hot flashes. The common problems of the perimenopause are: Irregular periods. Vaginal dryness. Hot flashes. Night sweats. Sleep problems. Mood changes. Weight gain. Slowed metabolism. Hormonal changes associated with menopause cause several symptoms. Hot flashes, flushing, and night sweats are known as vasomotor symptoms. Doctors do not know what causes vasomotor symptoms precisely, although they are among the most common occurrences of menopause. Once in menopause (you haven’t had a period for 12 months) and on into postmenopause, the symptoms may continue for an average of four to five years, but they decrease in frequency and intensity. Some women report their symptoms last longer. The most common symptoms include: Hot flashes.

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An operative laparoscopy is a procedure in which your health care provider uses a laparoscope to look at the organs and tissue inside your abdomen and make repairs to improve your symptoms.  A laparoscope is a thin tube with a light and tiny camera. Your health care provider will remove adhesions or endometriosis, one or both ovaries, one or both fallopian tubes, my appendix and anything else in his judgement is necessary to treat my condition.  If you have a tubal (ectopic) pregnancy the physician may make an incision in your tube and remove the pregnancy.  You may not be able to become pregnant after this surgery.

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Fetal anomalies, often referred to as birth defects, are structural changes to one or more parts of the fetus’ body that increase the chance of stillbirth and can cause deficiencies in the child’s health, development and quality of life. Fetal anomalies, or birth defects, can occur at any stage during pregnancy and are believed to be the result of a number of factors including genetics and environmental issues such as exposure to chemicals or viruses. Many times, even with testing, we do not know what causes fetal anomalies to happen in a specific pregnancy. Genetic, or inherited anomalies, can be passed from either mother or father without knowledge and can occur when cells combine at conception. If a woman or her partner are found to have a genetic cause of a fetal anomaly, they may be referred to a genetic counselor to discuss further testing or risk of recurrence.       

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Fetal heart rate decelerations in the absence of uterine contractions often occur in the normal preterm fetus between 20 and 30 weeks gestation. As described by Sorokin et al. these decelerations have a lower depth and duration, but can be seen frequently on intrapartum CTG tracings. Continuous monitoring tracings of fetal heart rate in 61 infants with birth weights of 1,500 grams or less were analyzed and related to newborn outcome. Reassuring heart rate patterns or good baseline variability correlated well with a normal unbilical artery pH. Fetal heart rate patterns and baseline variability were not related in a predictive way to central nervous system hemorrhage, respiratory distress syndrome, or neonatal death. Early intervention and operative delivery in cases demonstrating abnormal fetal heart rate patterns may have influenced the outcome in these infants. Fetal heart rate patterns can play an important role in the intrapartum assessment of the condition of the very-low-birth-weight infant and may be used to select those infants requiring prompt operative intervention and vigorous neonatal resuscitation.

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The most common reason for an abnormal Pap test is a vaginal or cervical infection that causes changes in the cells of your cervix. Most of these changes can be followed closely until they return to normal. Often, your body will clear the HPV infection that caused the changes all by itself. A Pap test, also called a “Pap smear,” is often part of a pelvic exam. The word “Pap” is short for Papanicolaou, which is the last name of the doctor who studied changes in cervical cells. A Pap test is usually done at age 21 unless you have special risks such as immune problems or HIV. It’s the only way to check the cells on your cervix for changes that can lead to cancer. Your provider will usually check for STIs (sexually transmitted infections) such as chlamydia and gonorrhea at the same time (if you are <25 years old or have risks for STIs).

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A breast ultrasound is an imaging technique commonly used to screen for tumors and other breast abnormalities. The ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to produce detailed images of the inside of the breasts. An ultrasound helps your doctor determine whether the lump is a fluid-filled cyst or a solid tumor. It also allows them to determine the location and size of the lump. While a breast ultrasound can be used to assess a lump in your breast, it can’t be used to determine whether the lump is cancerous. That can only be established if a sample of tissue or fluid is removed from the lump and tested in a laboratory. To obtain a tissue or fluid sample, your doctor may perform an ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy. During this procedure, your doctor will use a breast ultrasound as a guide while they remove the sample of tissue or fluid. The sample will then be sent to a laboratory for analysis. You may feel nervous or frightened while waiting for the biopsy results, but it’s important to keep in mind that four out of five breast lumps are benign, or noncancerous.

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A vaginal yeast infection is a fungal infection that causes irritation, discharge and intense itchiness of the vagina and the vulva — the tissues at the vaginal opening. Also called vaginal candidiasis, vaginal yeast infection affects up to 3 out of 4 women at some point in their lifetimes. A vaginal yeast infection, also known as candidiasis, is a common condition. A healthy vagina contains bacteria and some yeast cells. But when the balance of bacteria and yeast changes, the yeast cells can multiply. This causes intense itching, swelling, and irritation. Treating a vaginal yeast infection can relieve symptoms within a few days. In more severe cases, it may take up to 2 weeks. Vaginal yeast infections aren’t considered a sexually transmitted infection (STI), commonly known as sexually transmitted disease (STD). Sexual contact can spread it, but women who aren’t sexually active can also get them.

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Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted disease. It is caused by bacteria called Chlamydia trachomatis. It can infect both men and women. Women can get chlamydia in the cervix, rectum, or throat. Men can get chlamydia in the urethra (inside the penis), rectum, or throat. Chlamydia is more common in young people, especially young women. You are more likely to get it if you don’t consistently use a condom, or if you have multiple partners. Chlamydia doesn’t usually cause any symptoms. So you may not realize that you have it. People with chlamydia who have no symptoms can still pass the disease to others. If you do have symptoms, they may not appear until several weeks after you have sex with an infected partner. Symptoms in women include: Abnormal vaginal discharge, which may have a strong smell, A burning sensation when urinating, Pain during intercourse.

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Fetal death refers to the spontaneous intrauterine death of a fetus at any time during pregnancy. Fetal deaths later in pregnancy (at 20 weeks of gestation or more, or 28 weeks or more, for example) are also sometimes referred to as stillbirths. Of those with a diagnosed cause, the most common will include: Placental dysfunction leading to fetal growth restriction. Placental abruption and other placental disorders (such as vasa previa). Genetic abnormalities. Congenital birth defects. Umbilical cord complications. Uterine rupture.

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