A birthing center or centre is a healthcare facility, staffed by nurse midwives, midwives and/or obstetricians, for mothers in labor, who may be assisted by doulas and coaches. By attending the laboring mother, the doulas can assist the midwives and make the birth easier.. A birth center presents a more home-like environment than a hospital labor ward, typically with more options during labor: food/drink, music, and the attendance of family and friends if desired. Other characteristics can also include non-institutional furniture such as queen-sized beds, large enough for both mother and father and perhaps birthing tubs or showers for water births. The decor is meant to emphasize the normality of birth. In a birth center, women are free to act more spontaneously during their birth, such as squatting, walking or performing other postures that assist in labor. Active birth is encouraged. The length of stay after a birth is shorter at a birth center; sometimes just 6 hours after birth the mother and infant can go home.

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If the results of your Pap test come back positive, that means your doctor found abnormal or unusual cells on your cervix. It doesn’t mean you have cervical cancer. Most often, the abnormal test result means there have been cell changes caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV). That’s the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI), and can be linked to cervical cancer. Changes to your cervical cells caused by HPV can be mild, moderate, or severe. Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS). Thin, flat cells called squamous cells grow on the surface of a healthy cervix. ASCUS occurs when these cells are not typical. Your doctor will do a test with a special liquid to see if HPV is present. If it’s not, there’s probably no need for concern.

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Prenatal care is when you get checkups from a doctor, nurse, or midwife throughout your pregnancy. It helps keep you and your future baby healthy. These regular checkups are also a great time to learn how to ease any discomfort you may be having, and ask any other questions about your pregnancy and the birth of your future baby. Prenatal care is an important part of staying healthy during pregnancy. The typical prenatal care schedule for someone who’s 18-35 years old and healthy is: Every 4 or 6 weeks for the first 32 weeks, Every 2 or 3 weeks for the 32nd-37th weeks, Every week from the 37th week until delivery.

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Uterine polyps are growths attached to the inner wall of the uterus that extend into the uterine cavity. Overgrowth of cells in the lining of the uterus (endometrium) leads to the formation of uterine polyps, also known as endometrial polyps. Uterine or endometrial polyps are overgrowths of the inner lining of the uterus. Women with polyps usually present with irregular or heavy vaginal bleeding. Single or multiple polyps can range from a few millimeters to several centimeters in size. Irregular bleeding, including spotting, is the most frequent symptom in women with endometrial polyps. Less frequent symptoms include heavy bleeding, postmenopausal bleeding, and prolapse of the polyp through the cervix. Many polyps are asymptomatic.

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Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI) is when urine leaks out with sudden pressure on the bladder and urethra, causing the sphincter muscles to open briefly. With mild SUI, pressure may be from sudden forceful activities, like exercise, sneezing, laughing or coughing. If your SUI is more severe, you may also leak with less forceful activities like standing up, walking or bending over. Urinary “accidents” like this can range from a few drops of urine to enough to soak through your clothes.  SUI is a very common bladder problem for women. It happens less often in men. Another common bladder problem is called Overactive Bladder (OAB), or Urgency Urinary Incontinence (UUI). People with OAB have an urgent, “gotta go” feeling that they can’t control. Some people with OAB leak urine when they feel that urge.

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Vulvar dysplasia, or vulvar intrapepithelial neoplasia (VIN), is abnormal changes in the skin of the vulva.  Two skin folds called the outer and inner lips of the vagina. The outer lips (labia majora) is the most common site of vulvar dysplasia. The vulva describes a women’s outside genital structures, and includes the area outside of the opening of the vagina.  The vulva has the following parts: The opening of the vagina with glands that produce lubrication. Two skin folds called the outer and inner lips of the vagina.  The outer lips (labia majora) is the most common site of vulvar dysplasia.  The inner lips (labia minora) are smaller and located inside of the labia majora. The clitoris is a sensitive tissue at the top of the vulva where the two lips meet. The mons pubis is the area in front of the pubic bone. The perineum is the area between the vulva and anus.

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Vulvitis is the inflammation of the soft skin on the outside of the female genitalia. This area is called the vulva. The moist and warm conditions that are a necessary part of the vulva make it especially susceptible to vulvitis. Any female can be affected by vulvitis, especially if they have allergies, sensitivities, infections, or diseases that make them more vulnerable. Prepubescent girls and postmenopausal women have a higher risk because they tend to have lower estrogen levels. It is important to see a doctor if symptoms, such as vaginal discharges or skin lesions on the vulva, occur.

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While some perinatal complications are more common in fetuses conceived using ART, difficulties arise in many studies with defining the risk of complications that is attributable to the process of ART itself. There are a number of important confounding factors that may well contribute to adverse outcomes including the high incidence of multiple pregnancies, the reasons for the underlying subfertility, poor gamete quality, and advanced maternal age. Fetal complications that are more common in pregnancies conceived using ART arise via a number of distinct mechanisms. There are those derived from the conceptus itself, which include chromosomal, genetic and imprinted disorders that can impact on fetal development.

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Low birth weight is a term used to describe babies who are born weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces (2,500 grams). Babies weighing less than 3 pounds, 5 ounces (1,500 grams) at birth are considered very low birth weight. Low birth weight is most often caused by premature birth. An average newborn usually weighs about 8 pounds. A low-birth-weight baby may be healthy even though he or she is small. But a low-birth-weight baby can also have many serious health problems. Low birth weight is most often caused by being born too early (premature birth). That means before 37 weeks of pregnancy. A premature baby has less time in the mother’s womb (uterus) to grow and gain weight. Much of a baby’s weight is gained during the last weeks of pregnancy. Another cause of low birth weight is a condition called intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). This occurs when a baby does not grow well during pregnancy. It may be because of problems with the placenta, the mother’s health, or the baby’s health. Babies can have IUGR and be: Full term: That means born from 37 to 41 weeks of pregnancy. These babies may be physically mature, but small. Premature: These babies are both very small and physically immature.

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Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), also referred to as recurrent miscarriage or habitual abortion, is historically defined as 3 consecutive pregnancy losses prior to 20 weeks from the last menstrual period. However, epidemiologic studies have revealed that 1% to 2% of women experience recurrent pregnancy loss. Recurrent early miscarriages (within the first trimester) are most commonly due to genetic or chromosomal problems of the embryo, with 50-80% of spontaneous losses having abnormal chromosomal number. Structural problems of the uterus can also play a role in early miscarriage. Approximately two out of every 10 pregnancies may result in a miscarriage. Women are considered to have recurrent pregnancy loss when they have two or three miscarriages in a row. Only about 1 percent of women will have three consecutive miscarriages or more

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