Thyroid disease in women is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid in women. This condition can have a profound effect during pregnancy and on the child. It also is called Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (theye-royd-EYET-uhss). During pregnancy, the infant may be seriously affected and have a variety of birth defects. Many women with Hashimoto’s disease develop an underactive thyroid. They may have mild or no symptoms at first, but symptoms tend to worsen over time. If a woman is pregnant and has symptoms of Hashimoto’s disease, the clinician will do an exam and order one or more tests.

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Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a group of symptoms—including abdominal pain and changes in the pattern of bowel movements without any evidence of underlying damage.^[1] These symptoms occur over a long time, often years.^[2] It has been classified into four main types depending on whether diarrhea is common, constipation is common, both are common, or neither occurs very often (IBS-D, IBS-C, IBS-M, or IBS-U respectively).^[1] IBS negatively affects quality of life and may result in missed school or work.^[9] Disorders such as anxiety, major depression, and chronic fatigue syndrome are common among people with IBS

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Pelvic pain is pain in the area of the pelvis. Acute pain is more common than chronic pain. If the pain lasts for more than six months, it is deemed to be chronic pelvic pain.^[1] It can affect both women and men.

Common causes in include: endometriosis in women, bowel adhesions, irritable bowel syndrome, and interstitial cystitis.^[2] The cause may also be a number of poorly understood conditions that may represent abnormal psychoneuromuscular function.

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Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), also known as menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) or postmenopausal hormone therapy (PHT, PMHT), is a form of hormone therapy used to treat symptoms associated with female menopause.^[1][2] These symptoms can include hot flashes, vaginal atrophy, accelerated skin aging, vaginal dryness, decreased muscle mass, sexual dysfunction, and bone loss. They are in large part related to the diminished levels of sex hormones that occur during menopause.

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Paramesonephric ducts (or Müllerian ducts) are paired ducts of the embryo that run down the lateral sides of the urogenital ridge and terminate at the sinus tubercle in the primitive urogenital sinus. In the female, they will develop to form the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and the upper one-third of the vagina.

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Turner syndrome, a condition that affects only females, results when one of the X chromosomes (sex chromosomes) is missing or partially missing. Turner syndrome can cause a variety of medical and developmental problems, including short height, failure of the ovaries to develop and heart defects

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Cervical dysplasia is a precancerous condition in which abnormal cell growth occurs on the surface lining of the cervix or endocervical canal, the opening between the uterus and the vagina. It is also called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).

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Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are vaccines that prevent infection by certain types of human papillomavirus.^[2] Available vaccines protect against either two, four, or nine types of HPV.^[2][3] All vaccines protect against at least HPV types 16 and 18, which cause the greatest risk of cervical cancer.^[2] It is estimated that the vaccines may prevent 70% of cervical cancer, 80% of anal cancer, 60% of vaginal cancer, 40% of vulvar cancer and possibly some mouth cancer.^[4][5][6] They additionally prevent some genital warts, with the quadrivalent and nonavalent vaccines that protect against HPV types HPV-6 and HPV-11 providing greater protection.

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Human papillomavirus infection (HPV infection) is an infection caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV).^[4] About 90% of HPV infections cause no symptoms and resolve spontaneously within two years.^[1] However, in some cases, an HPV infection persists and results in either warts or precancerous lesions.^[2] These lesions, depending on the site affected, increase the risk of cancer of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, mouth, or throat.^[1][2] Nearly all cervical cancer is due to HPV; two types, HPV16 and HPV18, account for 70% of cases.^[1][6] Between 60% and 90% of the other cancers listed above are also linked to HPV.^[6] HPV6 and HPV11 are common causes of genital warts and laryngeal papillomatosis.^[1]

An HPV infection is caused by human papillomavirus, a DNA virus from the papillomavirus family.^[7] Over 170 types have been described.^[7] More than 40 types may be spread through sexual contact and infect the anus and genitals.^[3] Risk factors for persistent infection by sexually transmitted types include early age of first sexual intercourse, multiple sexual partners, smoking, and poor immune function.^[1] These types are typically spread by sustained direct skin-to-skin contact, with vaginal and anal sex being the most common methods.^[3] Also, HPV infection can spread from a mother to baby during pregnancy.^[8] HPV does not spread via common items like toilet seats,^[8] but the types that cause warts may spread via surfaces such as floors.^[9] People can become infected with more than one type of HPV.^[8] HPV affects only humans.

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Most people who develop eating disorders — an estimated 90% — are female. Typically associated with adolescents and young women, eating disorders also affect middle-aged or elderly women — although, until fairly recently, not much was known about prevalence in this older age group.

Secrecy and shame are part of the disorder, and women may not seek help. This is particularly true if they fear being forced to gain unwanted weight or stigmatized as an older woman with a “teenager’s disease.”

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