Breast reconstruction is the rebuilding of a breast, usually in women. It involves using autologous tissue or prosthetic material to construct a natural-looking breast. Often this includes the reformation of a natural-looking areola and nipple. This procedure involves the use of implants or tissue taken from other parts of the woman’s body. Generally, the aesthetic appearance is acceptable to the woman, but the reconstructed area is commonly completely numb afterwards, which results in loss of sexual function as well as the ability to perceive pain caused by burns and other injuries. The primary part of the procedure can often be carried out immediately following the mastectomy. As with many other surgeries, patients with significant medical comorbidities (high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes) and smokers are higher-risk candidates. Surgeons may choose to perform delayed reconstruction to decrease this risk. There is little evidence available from randomised studies to favour immediate or delayed reconstruction.

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Menstrual disorders are problems related to a woman’s normal menstrual cycle. They are one of the most common reasons women visit their gynecologist. Menstrual disorders and their symptoms can disrupt a woman’s daily life. They can also affect her ability to become pregnant. There are many types of menstrual disorders, including: Abnormal uterine bleeding. Excessive or prolonged menstrual bleeding, Amenorrhea. The absence of menstrual bleeding, Oligomenorrhea. Light or infrequent menstruation, Fibroids. Noncancerous uterine tumors, Premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Physical and emotional discomfort prior to menstruation, Premenstrual dysphonic disorder (PMDD). Severe physical and emotional discomfort prior to menstruation.

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Dysmenorrhea refers to painful periods and severe menstrual cramps.  Abnormal uterine bleeding may apply to a variety of menstrual irregularities, including: a heavier menstrual flow; a period that lasts longer than seven days; or bleeding or spotting between periods, after sex, or after menopause. Typically, menstrual periods last four to seven days. Examples of menstrual problems include periods that occur less than 21 days or more than 35 days apart, missing three or more periods in row, and menstrual flow that is much heavier or lighter than usual.

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Our team of midlife, menopause & sexual health experts has an in-depth understanding of the physical, hormonal and emotional factors that play a role as you age. We care for women who are experiencing midlife aging concerns and symptoms of perimenopause or menopause. Personalized treatment options using our Seven Essential Elements of Daily Success (SEEDS®) program, safe and effective hormone or non-hormonal options will alleviate your menopausal symptoms. We are certified in menopause medicine by the North American Menopause Society and are here to help. Continued preventive care and management is critical at every stage of life.  Our team of certified menopause specialists can help you manage the signs and symptoms of the late reproductive stage, including perimenopause and menopause, through safe, effective and personalized treatment plans.

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Atrophic vaginitis is inflammation of the vagina as a result of tissue thinning due to not enough estrogen. Symptoms may include pain with sex, vaginal itchiness or dryness, and an urge to urinate or burning with urination. It generally does not resolve without ongoing treatment. Complications may include urinary tract infections. The lack of estrogen typically occurs following menopause. Other causes may include when breastfeeding or as a result of specific medications. Risk factors include smoking. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms. Treatment is generally with estrogen cream applied to the vagina. Other measures that may help include vaginal lubricants. It is recommended that soaps and other irritants are avoided. About half of postmenopausal women are affected. Many however are not being treated. Women often report reduced enjoyment in sex as well as life generally.

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Hormone replacement therapy is used to help balance estrogen and progesterone in women around the time of menopause. Also known as hormone therapy (HT) or menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can help relieve sweating, hot flashes, and other symptoms of menopause. Hormone replacement therapy is used to help balance estrogen and progesterone in women around the time of menopause. Also known as hormone therapy (HT) or menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can help relieve sweating, hot flashes, and other symptoms of menopause. It can also reduce the risk of osteoporosis. Some types of HRT contain both progesterone and estrogen, some only estrogen, and sometimes testosterone is used. Hormone replacement treatments are also used in male hormonal therapy and treatment for individuals who undergo a sex change.

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Fertility preservation is the process of saving or protecting eggs, sperm, or reproductive tissue so that a person can use them to have biological children in the future. Fertility preservation is the effort to help cancer patients retain their fertility, or ability to procreate. Research into how cancer affects reproductive health and preservation options are growing, sparked in part by the increase in the survival rate of cancer patients. Infertility is a disease of men and women’s reproductive organs that impairs one of the body’s most basic functions—the ability to have children. And although 6.1 million people (10 percent of the reproductive-age population) in the United States are infertile, unlike lung cancer or HIV/AIDS, people are rarely informed of the very direct links between their behavior, their choices, and their reproductive health.

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Cystoscopy is endoscopy of the urinary bladder via the urethra. It is carried out with a cystoscope. The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. The cystoscope has lenses like a telescope or microscope. These lenses let the physician focus on the inner surfaces of the urinary tract. Some cystoscopes use optical fibres (flexible glass fibres) that carry an image from the tip of the instrument to a viewing piece at the other end. Cystoscopes range from pediatric to adult and from the thickness of a pencil up to approximately 9 mm and have a light at the tip. Many cystoscopes have extra tubes to guide other instruments for surgical procedures to treat urinary problems.

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Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is a prenatal test that is used to detect birth defects, genetic diseases, and other problems during pregnancy. During the test, a small sample of cells (called chorionic villi) is taken from the placenta where it attaches to the wall of the uterus. Chorionic villus sampling, sometimes called “chorionic villous sampling”, is a form of prenatal diagnosis to determine chromosomal or genetic disorders in the fetus. It entails sampling of the chorionic villus and testing it for chromosomal abnormalities, usually with FISH or PCR.

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Uterine sarcoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the muscles of the uterus or other tissues that support the uterus. Past treatment with radiation therapy to the pelvis can increase the risk of uterine sarcoma. Signs of uterine sarcoma include abnormal bleeding. Tests that examine the uterus are used to detect (find) and diagnose uterine sarcoma. Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options. The uterus is part of the female reproductive system. The uterus is the hollow, pear-shaped organ in the pelvis, where a fetus grows. The cervix is at the lower, narrow end of the uterus, and leads to the vagina.

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