Urethritis is a condition in which the urethra, or the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body, becomes inflamed and irritated. Semen also passes through the male urethra. Urethritis typically causes pain while urinating and an increased urge to urinate. The primary cause of urethritis is usually infection by bacteria. Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra. The urethra is the tube that connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body and includes the opening at the end of the penis. Both urine and semen pass through the urethra.

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The ureter is a tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. There are two ureters, one attached to each kidney. The upper half of the ureter is located in the abdomen and the lower half is located in the pelvic area. The ureter is about 10 to 12 inches long in the average adult. The tube has thick walls composed of a fibrous, a muscular, and a mucus coat, which are able to contract.

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The urachus is a fibrous remnant of the allantois, a canal that drains the urinary bladder of the fetus that joins and runs within the umbilical cord. The fibrous remnant lies in the space of Retzius, between the transverse fascia anteriorly and the peritoneum posteriorly. The part of the urogenital sinus related to the bladder and urethra absorbs the ends of the Wolffian ducts and the associated ends of the renal diverticula. This gives rise to the trigone of the bladder and part of the prostatic urethra.The remainder of this part of the urogenital sinus forms the body of the bladder and part of the prostatic urethra. The apex of the bladder stretches and is connected to the umbilicus as a narrow canal. This canal is initially open, but later closes as the urachus goes on to definitively form the median umbilical ligament.

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Dysmenorrhea refers to painful periods and severe menstrual cramps. Abnormal uterine bleeding may apply to a variety of menstrual irregularities, including: a heavier menstrual flow; a period that lasts longer than seven days; or bleeding or spotting between periods, after sex, or after menopause. Pregnancy is a common cause. Polyps or fibroids (small and large growths) in the uterus can also cause bleeding. Rarely, a thyroid problem, infection of the cervix, or cancer of the uterus can cause abnormal uterine bleeding. In most women, abnormal uterine bleeding is caused by a hormone imbalance.

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Transcervical resection is a procedure to remove the lining of the uterus (womb). It is performed to treat heavy periods when a woman: Has tried various medications and they have not worked,  Does not wish to have any more children. A TRCE may also be suggested as other alternatives are not suitable for you due to having: A long uterus, Bicornuate (divided or heart shaped) uterus, Fibroids or polyps in the uterus, 2 or more previous caesarean sections. When you arrive for the procedure, you will be asked to sign a consent form for the TCRE. The procedure last between 20 – 45 min depending on the size of your uterus, and the number and size of fibroids/polyps. Some patients may need a prostap or zoladex injection in the mouth to thin the lining of the womb. The doctor will explain to you if this is needed. You will also have a blood test to check your blood count.

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Transcervical refers to a transluminal procedure through the cervix of the uterus, including: Transcervical sterilization. In the transcervical CVS technique, the physician guides a cannula (a small tube used for collection of the chorionic villi through the vagina into the placenta under ultrasound guidance.

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preeclampsia is a condition that pregnant women develop. It’s marked by high blood pressure in women who haven’t had high blood pressure before. Preeclamptic women will have a high level of protein in their urine and often also have swelling in the feet, legs, and hands. This condition usually appears late in pregnancy, though it can happen earlier and may even develop just after delivery. Pre-eclampsia is a condition that can affect pregnant women, resulting in high blood pressure and damage to one or more organs, often the kidneys (causing protein in the urine). Pre-eclampsia affects about 15,000 pregnant women in Australia every year. It is usually diagnosed after 20 weeks of pregnancy, most often in the third trimester. In some women pre-eclampsia occurs soon after giving birth to their baby, although this is much less common. Pre-eclampsia can lead to serious complications for mother and baby, so early detection and treatment are essential.

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Toxemia: A condition in pregnancy, also known as pre-eclampsia (or preeclampsia) characterized by abrupt hypertension (a sharp rise in blood pressure), albuminuria (leakage of large amounts of the protein albumin into the urine) and edema (swelling) of the hands, feet, and face. Pre-eclampsia is the most common complication of pregnancy.  Pre-eclampsia occurs most frequently in first pregnancies. It is more common in women who have diabetes or who are carrying twins. Some women seem to have a strong tendency to develop the disease and suffer from pre-eclampsia with every pregnancy. Pre-eclampsia is more common in daughters of women who have been affected; in many cases the disease tends to run in families.

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TORCH syndrome may sound like a single illness, but actually it stands for a group of infectious diseases that can cause problems — some serious — for your unborn baby: T: Toxoplasmosis, O: Other agents (including HIV, syphilis, varicella, and fifth disease), R: Rubella, C: Cytomegalovirus, H: Herpes simplex. A number of infectious diseases can be transmitted to pregnant women and passed on to their babies, increasing the risk of miscarriage, birth defects, and developmental problems. These infections, collectively referred to as TORCH infections, include toxoplasmosis, other (e.g., syphilis, HIV), rubella, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes simplex virus. A TORCH screen is a panel of tests for detecting infections in pregnant women. Infections may be passed on to a fetus during pregnancy.

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Thyroid is a small butterfly-shaped gland found at the base of your neck, just below your Adam’s apple. This gland makes thyroid hormone that travels in your blood to all parts of your body. The thyroid hormone controls your body’s metabolism in many ways, including how fast you burn calories and how fast your heart beats.
women, thyroid diseases can cause: Problems with your menstrual period: Your thyroid helps control your menstrual cycle. Too much or too little thyroid hormone can make your periods very light, heavy, or irregular. Thyroid disease also can cause your periods to stop for several months or longer, a condition called amenorrhea. If your body’s immune system causes thyroid disease, other glands, including your ovaries, may be involved. This can lead to early menopause (before age 40).
Problems getting pregnant: When thyroid disease affects the menstrual cycle, it also affects ovulation. This can make it harder for you to get pregnant.
Problems during pregnancy: Thyroid problems during pregnancy can cause health problems for the mother and the baby.
Sometimes, symptoms of thyroid problems are mistaken for menopause symptoms. Thyroid disease, especially hypothyroidism, is more likely to develop after menopause.

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