Thelarche is the onset of secondary breast development, which often represents the beginning of pubertal development. The initial growth of breasts occurs during fetal development in both males and females. Thelarche is the stage at which male and female breasts become distinct due to variance in hormone levels; however, some males have a condition in which they develop breasts, a term called gynecomastia. Thelarche, also known as breast budding, typically occurs between the ages of 8 and 13 years with significant variation between individuals. The cause of this variation is a question central to countless research projects, yet it is generally accepted that race, genetics, exercise, and body mass each influence the age of thelarche. Puberty is considered delayed if breast development does not start before age 13 or if a female has not had her first period (menarche) within 3 years of thelarche.

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Trichomoniasis is a very common sexually transmitted disease (STD). It is caused by infection with a protozoan parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis. Although symptoms of the disease vary, most people who have the parasite cannot tell they are infected. Symptoms: vaginal discharge, which can be white, gray, yellow, or green, and usually frothy with an unpleasant smell, vaginal spotting or bleeding, genital burning or itching, genital redness or swelling, frequent urge to urinate, pain during urination or sexual intercourse.

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Transsexual people experience a gender identity that is inconsistent with, or not culturally associated with, their assigned sex and desire to permanently transition to the gender with which they identify, usually seeking medical assistance. People who identify as transgender or transsexual are usually people who are born with typical male or female anatomies but feel as though they’ve been born into the “wrong body.” Transsexual is a subset of transgender, but some transsexual people reject the label of transgender. A medical diagnosis of gender dysphoria can be made if a person expresses a desire to live and be accepted as a member of their identified sex, and if a person experiences impaired functioning or distress as a result of their gender identity.

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Toxoplasmosis is a disease that results from infection with the Toxoplasma gondii parasite, one of the world’s most common parasites. Infection usually occurs by eating undercooked contaminated meat, exposure from infected cat feces, or mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy. This situation is especially dangerous for people with AIDS. In these people, dormant toxoplasmosis can reactivate and cause a severe brain infection (encephalitis), which can lead to seizures and other neurological problems. If left untreated, the death rate from encephalitis is very high.

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A vaginal delivery is the birth of offspring (babies in humans) in mammals through the vagina. A normal vaginal delivery (NVD) is a vaginal delivery, whether or not assisted or induced, usually used in statistics or studies to contrast with a delivery by cesarean section. The length of a normal pregnancy can be anything from 37 weeks to 42 weeks. So you have a five-week period when your baby could arrive at any time and it would be considered normal. If you give birth before 37 weeks of pregnancy, your baby is defined as premature and is likely to need extra care.

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Thyroiditis is a general term that refers to “inflammation of the thyroid gland”. Thyroiditis includes a group of individual disorders causing thyroidal inflammation but presenting in different ways. For example, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States. Postpartum thyroiditis, which causes temporary thyrotoxicosis (high thyroid hormone levels in the blood) followed by temporary hypothyroidism, is a common cause of thyroid problems after the delivery of a baby. Subacute thyroiditis is the major cause of pain in the thyroid. Thyroiditis can also be seen in patients taking the drugs interferon and amiodarone.

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A sphincter is a circular muscle that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning. One of the most important human sphincter muscles is the sphincter pylori, a thickening of the middle layer of stomach muscle around the pylorus (opening into the small intestine) that holds food in the stomach until it is thoroughly mixed with gastric juices.

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A rectovaginal fistula is an abnormal connection between the lower portion of your large intestine — your rectum — and your vagina. Bowel contents can leak through the fistula, allowing gas or stool to pass through your vagina. Bowel contents can leak through the fistula, allowing gas or stool to pass through your vagina. A rectovaginal fistula may result from: Injury during childbirth, Crohn’s disease or other inflammatory bowel disease, Radiation treatment or cancer in the pelvic area, Complication following surgery in the pelvic area. The condition may cause emotional distress and physical discomfort, which can impact self-esteem and intimacy.

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Vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) is a subtype of female urogenital fistula (UGF). VVF is an abnormal fistulous tract extending between the bladder and the vagina that allows the continuous involuntary discharge of urine into the vaginal vault. A vaginal fistula is an abnormal opening that connects your vagina to another organ. Vaginal fistulas can be upsetting and embarrassing because they leak and cause bad smells. But they can also cause complications, like: Vaginal or urinary tract infections that keep coming back, Hygiene problems, Stool or gas that leaks through the vagina, Irritated or inflamed skin around your vagina or anus, An abscess — a swollen clump of infected tissue with pus that could be life-threatening if it’s not treated, Fistulas that come back.

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Salpingitis is an infection and inflammation in the Fallopian tubes. Salpingitis is a type of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID refers to an infection of the reproductive organs. It develops when harmful bacteria enter the reproductive tract. Salpingitis and other forms of PID usually result from sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that involve bacteria, such as chlamydia or gonorrhea. Salpingitis causes inflammation of the fallopian tubes. Inflammation can spread easily from one tube to the other, so both tubes may become affected. If left untreated, salpingitis can result in long-term complications.

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