Selective Reduction

Selective reduction is the practice of reducing the number of fetuses in a multiple pregnancy, say quadruplets, to a twin or singleton pregnancy. The procedure is also called multifetal pregnancy reduction. The procedure is most commonly done to reduce the number of fetuses in a multiple pregnancy to a safe number, when the multiple pregnancy is the result of use of assisted reproductive technology; outcomes for both the mother and the babies are generally worse, the higher the number of fetuses. The procedure is also used in multiple pregnancies when one of the fetuses has a serious and incurable disease, or in the case where one of the fetuses is outside the uterus, in which case it is called selective termination.

Stretch marks (striae) are indented streaks that often appear on the abdomen, breasts, hips, buttocks and thighs. Stretch marks, the medical term for which is striae are common skin findings which typically develop in the first half of life. They are usually benign but may be a source of cosmetic concern to patients. Infrequently, striae may indicate the presence of a more concerning medical condition such as Cushing disease or overuse of systemic or topical corticosteroids.

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Spermicide

Spermicide is a contraceptive substance that destroys sperm, inserted vaginally prior to intercourse to prevent pregnancy. As a contraceptive, spermicide may be used alone. However, the pregnancy rate experienced by couples using only spermicide is higher than that of couples using other methods.
Use: insert the spermicide deep into the vagina just before intercourse, Wait about 10-15 minutes after you insert spermicide into your vagina before having sex, Insert spermicide no more than 30-60 minutes before having intercourse. When ejaculation occurs, the sperm will usually start swimming towards the cervix. However, spermicide is designed to kill the sperm before they reach the uterus and potentially find their way to an egg. When used correctly, regular condoms are 98 percent effective as a form of birth control.

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Residual Follicle

Residual follicle is the term given to the structure remaining in the ovary following a process of stimulation, whether this has been for insemination or during a cycle of in vitro fertilisation (IVF). Diagnosis is generally carried out using ultrasound imaging. On the whole, before embarking on a course of ovarian stimulation, a basal ultrasound scan is carried out. The aim is to check that the ovary is resting. In other words, that it has antral follicles measuring under 10 millimetres in length. Once the procedure has been carried out (whether this be insemination or ovarian puncture followed by transfer), if the attempt has unfortunately been unsuccessful, the patient is once again evaluated during the next menstrual cycle in order to see if a new course of treatment can begin. It is during this evaluation that a residual follicle can appear. We can find follicles that ought to be small during this stage. However, some are actually already over 10 millimetres in length. If the follicle is between 3 and 5 centimetres long, it is known as a residual cyst. Its aetiology is associated with the absence of ovulation in the follicle during the stimulation cycle or the presence of smaller follicles that continue to grow and remain until the next period.

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Rectocele

A rectocele is a herniation (bulge) of the front wall of the rectum into the back wall of the vagina. The tissue between the rectum and the vagina is known as the rectovaginal septum and this structure can become thin and weak over time, resulting in a rectocele. When rectoceles are small, most women have no symptoms. A repair surgery will strengthen the wall of your vagina with sutures (stitches). An enterocele repair stops the small intestine from bulging into your vagina. A rectocele repair stops the rectum from bulging into the vagina. The rectum is the bottom section of your colon (large intestine). This is a very common problem that often does not produce symptoms. Other pelvic organs can bulge into the vagina, including the bladder (cystocele) and the small intestines (enterocele), producing similar problems.

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Pelvic Exenteration

Pelvic exenteration (or pelvic evisceration) is a radical surgical treatment that removes all organs from a person’s pelvic cavity. The urinary bladder, urethra, rectum, and anus are removed. The procedure leaves the person with a permanent colostomy and urinary diversion. Pelvic exenteration is a salvage procedure performed for centrally recurrent gynecologic cancers. To a greater or lesser degree, the procedure involves en bloc resection of all pelvic structures, including the uterus, cervix, vagina, bladder, and rectum. Most candidates for this procedure have a diagnosis of recurrent cervical cancer that has previously been treated with surgery and radiation or radiation alone. In some cases, patients with recurrent uterine, vulvar, or vaginal cancers may benefit from pelvic exenteration.

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Placental Abruption

Placental abruption is when the placenta separates early from the uterus, in other words separates before childbirth. It occurs most commonly around 25 weeks of pregnancy. Symptoms may include vaginal bleeding, lower abdominal pain, and dangerously low blood pressure. Placental abruption is an uncommon yet serious complication of pregnancy. The placenta develops in the uterus during pregnancy. It attaches to the wall of the uterus and supplies the baby with nutrients and oxygen. Placental abruption occurs when the placenta partially or completely separates from the inner wall of the uterus before delivery. This can decrease or block the baby’s supply of oxygen and nutrients and cause heavy bleeding in the mother. Placental abruption often happens suddenly. Left untreated, it endangers both the mother and baby.

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Quadrantectomy

A quadrantectomy, also referred to as a segmental or partial mastectomy, is a surgical procedure for breast cancer in which one quarter of breast tissue is removed along with muscles of the chest wall within a 2 to 3 centimeter radius of a tumor. This procedure is an alternative to a radical or simple mastectomy, in which an entire breast is removed. In a study that followed patients who underwent this procedure, it was found that only 9% of people who had a quadrantectomy experienced a relapse of the cancer. An operation to remove the cancer and some normal tissue around it, but not the breast itself. Some lymph nodes under the arm may be removed for biopsy. Part of the chest wall lining may also be removed if the cancer is near it. Also called breast-conserving surgery, breast-sparing surgery, lumpectomy, partial mastectomy, and segmental mastectomy.

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Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a medical condition that can occur in some women who take fertility medication to stimulate egg growth, and in other women in very rare cases. Most cases are mild, but rarely the condition is severe and can lead to serious illness or death. Symptoms are set into 3 categories: mild, moderate, and severe. Mild symptoms include abdominal bloating and feeling of fullness, nausea, diarrhea, and slight weight gain. Moderate symptoms include excessive weight gain, increased abdominal girth, vomiting, diarrhea, darker urine, decreased urine output, excessive thirst, and skin and/or hair feeling dry. Severe symptoms are fullness/bloating above the waist, shortness of breath, pleural effusion, urination significantly darker or has ceased, calf and chest pains, marked abdominal bloating or distention, and lower abdominal pains. OHSS may be complicated by ovarian torsion, ovarian rupture, thrombophlebitis and chronic kidney disease. Symptoms generally resolve in 1 to 2 weeks, but will be more severe and persist longer if pregnancy occurs. This is due to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) from the pregnancy acting on the corpus luteum in the ovaries in sustaining the pregnancy before the placenta has fully developed. Typically, even in severe OHSS with a developing pregnancy, the duration does not exceed the first trimester.

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Ovulation

Ovulation is part of the normal menstruation cycle, and happens about 14 days before a woman gets her period. It is the release of an egg (ovum) from an ovary; sometimes more than one egg is released from the ovaries. Once an egg has been released, it enters one of the fallopian tubes and travels towards the uterus (womb). The odds of getting pregnant are highest when there are live sperm in the fallopian tubes at the time of ovulation.