Cervical mucus methods help you predict when you’re going to ovulate by tracking the changes in your cervical mucus (vaginal discharge) throughout your menstrual cycle. The hormones that control your menstrual cycle also make your cervix produce mucus — the gooey stuff on your cervix that comes out of your vagina as discharge. Your cervical mucus changes in color, texture, and amount during your menstrual cycle (especially around ovulation). To use the cervical mucus method to prevent pregnancy, you check out your mucus every day and write the results on a chart. The changes in your mucus help you figure out when you’re going to ovulate and are able to get pregnant. During your safe days, you can have unprotected vaginal sex. On your unsafe (fertile) days, don’t have vaginal sex, or use another method of birth control. The cervical mucus method is also called the ovulation method or the Billings method.

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Chocolate cysts are noncancerous, fluid-filled cysts that typically form deep within the ovaries. They get their name from their brown, tar-like appearance, looking something like melted chocolate. They’re also called ovarian endometriomas. Chocolate cysts occur in 20 to 40 percent of women who have endometriosis, estimates the Endometriosis Foundation of America. Endometriosis is a common disorder in which the lining of the uterus, known as the endometrium, grows outside the uterus and onto the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and other areas of the reproductive tract. The overgrowth of this lining causes severe pain and sometimes infertility.

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Barrier methods, such as condoms, are a form of contraception that help to protect against both sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and pregnancy. You should use condoms to protect both your sexual health and that of your partner, no matter what other contraception you’re using to prevent pregnancy. A woman can get pregnant if a man’s sperm reaches one of her eggs (ova). Contraception tries to stop this happening by: keeping the egg and sperm apart, stopping egg production, stopping the combined sperm and egg (fertilised egg) attaching to the lining of the womb. Contraception is free for most people in the UK. Condoms can also be bought in pharmacies and supermarkets.

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Percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling (PUBS), also called cordocentesis, fetal blood sampling, or umbilical vein sampling is a diagnostic genetic test that examines blood from the fetal umbilical cord to detect fetal abnormalities. Cordocentesis, which is usually done after week 18 of pregnancy, can be used to detect certain genetic disorders, blood conditions and infections. Cordocentesis can also be used to deliver blood and medication to a baby through the umbilical cord. Use of cordocentesis is becoming rare because diagnostic procedures such as amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling, which pose a lower risk of fetal death, can be used instead for prenatal diagnosis of disease. Cordocentesis is most often done to test for anemia in the baby.

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Culdocentesis is a procedure in which peritoneal fluid is obtained from the cul de sac of a female patient. It involves the introduction of a spinal needle through the vaginal wall into the peritoneal space of the pouch of Douglas.  Culdocentesis is a medical procedure involving the extraction of fluid from the pouch of Douglas (a rectouterine pouch[posterior to the vagina) through a needle. It can be one diagnostic technique used in identifying pelvic inflammatory disease (in which case purulent fluid will be extracted) and ruptured ectopic pregnancies that cause hemoperitoneum. In the procedure, the rectouterine pouch is often reached through the posterior fornix of the vagina. The process of creating the hole is called “colpotomy” if a scalpel incision is made to drain the fluid rather than using a needle

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The chorion is one of the fetal membranes that exist during pregnancy between the developing fetus and mother. The chorion and the amnion together form the amniotic sac. It is formed by extraembryonic mesoderm and the two layers of trophoblast that surround the embryo and other membranes. The chorionic villi emerge from the chorion, invade the endometrium, and allow the transfer of nutrients from maternal blood to fetal blood. The chorion consists of two layers: an outer formed by the trophoblast, and an inner formed by the somatic mesoderm; the amnion is in contact with the latter. The trophoblast is made up of an internal layer of cubical or prismatic cells, the cytotrophoblast or layer of Langhans, and an external layer of richly nucleated protoplasm devoid of cell boundaries, the syncytiotrophoblast.

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Chorioamnionitis is a bacterial infection that occurs before or during labor. The name refers to the membranes surrounding the fetus: the “chorion” (outer membrane) and the “amnion” (fluid-filled sac). The condition occurs when bacteria infect the chorion, amnion, and amniotic fluid around the fetus. It can lead to a preterm birth or serious infection in the mother and the baby. It’s most commonly seen in preterm births; it’s also seen in approximately 2 to 4 percent of full-term deliveries. Chorioamnionitis is also known as “amnionitis” or “intra-amniotic infection.”

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intrauterine device Shaped like a “T” and a bit bigger than a quarter, an IUD fits inside your uterus. It prevents pregnancy by stopping sperm from reaching and fertilizing eggs. An intrauterine device, also known as intrauterine contraceptive device or coil, is a small, often T-shaped birth control device that is inserted into a woman’s uterus to prevent pregnancy. IUDs are one form of long-acting reversible birth control. Among birth control methods, IUDs, along with contraceptive implants, result in the greatest satisfaction among users.

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Cervical conization refers to an excision of a cone-shaped sample of tissue from the mucous membrane of the cervix. Conization may be used either for diagnostic purposes as part of a biopsy, or for therapeutic purposes to remove pre-cancerous cells. Types include: cold knife conization. Conization of the cervix is defined as excision of a cone-shaped or cylindrical wedge from the cervix uteri that includes the transformation zone and all or a portion of the endocervical canal. It is used for the definitive diagnosis of squamous or glandular intraepithelial lesions, for excluding microinvasive carcinomas, and for conservative treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

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The colpotomy method of tubal ligation was once the preferred female sterilization technique. But now, doctors usually use laparoscopy or laparotomy since these abdominal tubal ligation procedures do not have as many risks as a colpotomy. A colpotomy is a type of incision that is made in the back wall of the vagina. During a tubal ligation, your doctor can use a colpotomy (also known as a vaginotomy) as one of the ways to reach your fallopian tubes. A tubal ligation that uses a colpotomy incision is considered to be minimally invasive surgery.

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