A breast biopsy is a procedure to remove a small sample of breast tissue for laboratory testing. A breast biopsy is a way to evaluate a suspicious area in your breast to determine whether it is breast cancer. There are several types of breast biopsy procedures. A breast biopsy provides a sample of tissue that doctors use to identify and diagnose abnormalities in the cells that make up breast lumps, other unusual breast changes, or suspicious or concerning findings on a mammogram or ultrasound. The lab report from the breast biopsy can help determine whether you need additional surgery or other treatment. When other tests show that you might have breast cancer, you will probably need to have a biopsy. Needing a breast biopsy doesn’t necessarily mean you have cancer. Most biopsy results are not cancer, but a biopsy is the only way to find out. During a biopsy, a doctor will remove cells from the suspicious area so they can be looked at in the lab to see if cancer cells are present.

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Hysteroscopy is the exam of the inside of the cervix and uterus using a thin, lighted, flexible tube called a hysteroscope. Your healthcare provider inserts the device through the vagina. Hysteroscopy is a procedure that allows your doctor to look inside your uterus in order to diagnose and treat causes of abnormal bleeding. Hysteroscopy is done using a hysteroscope, a thin, lighted tube that is inserted into the vagina to examine the cervix and inside of the uterus. Hysteroscopy can be either diagnostic or operative. Diagnostic hysteroscopy is used to diagnose problems of the uterus. Diagnostic hysteroscopy is also used to confirm results of other tests, such as hysterosalpingography (HSG). HSG is an X-ray dye test used to check the uterus and fallopian tubes. Diagnostic hysteroscopy can often be done in an office setting.

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An endometrial biopsy is the removal of a small piece of tissue from the endometrium, which is the lining of the uterus. This tissue sample can show cell changes due to abnormal tissues or variations in hormone levels. Taking a small sample of endometrial tissue helps your doctor diagnose certain medical conditions. A biopsy can also check for uterine infections such as endometritis. An endometrial biopsy may be performed to help diagnose abnormalities of the uterus. It can also rule out other diseases.
Your doctor may want to perform an endometrial biopsy to: find the cause of postmenopausal bleeding or abnormal uterine bleeding, screen for endometrial cancer, evaluate fertility, test your response to hormone therapy.

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Loss of a pregnancy that occurs in the first 13 weeks of pregnancy; also called a miscarriage. Ectopic Pregnancy: A pregnancy in which the fertilized egg begins to grow in a place other than inside the uterus, usually in one of the fallopian tubes. Miscarriage is a term used for a pregnancy that ends on its own, within the first 20 weeks of gestation. The medical terms used to identify this potential complication or loss gives most women an uncomfortable feeling, so throughout this article, we will refer to this type of threatened complication or pregnancy loss under 20 weeks as a miscarriage. This occurs when a pregnancy is lost shortly after implantation, resulting in bleeding that occurs around the time of her expected period. The woman may not realize that she conceived when she experiences a chemical pregnancy.

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Metrorrhagia: Uterine bleeding at irregular intervals, particularly between the expected menstrual periods. Metrorrhagia may be a sign of an underlying disorder, such as hormone imbalance, endometriosis, uterine fibroids or, less commonly, cancer of the uterus. Metrorrhagia may cause significant anemia. Medical therapy for menorrhagia may include: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or naproxen sodium (Aleve), help reduce menstrual blood loss, Tranexamic acid, Oral contraceptives, Oral progesterone, Hormonal IUD (Liletta, Mirena). Signs and symptoms of menorrhagia may include: Soaking through one or more sanitary pads or tampons every hour for several consecutive hours, Needing to use double sanitary protection to control your menstrual flow, Needing to wake up to change sanitary protection during the night, Bleeding for longer than a week.

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Preeclampsia is a condition that occurs only during pregnancy. Some symptoms of preeclampsia may include high blood pressure and protein in the urine, occurring after week 20 of pregnancy. Preeclampsia is often precluded by gestational hypertension. While high blood pressure during pregnancy does not necessarily indicate preeclampsia, it may be a sign of another problem. Preeclampsia affects at least 5-8% of pregnancies. Formerly called toxemia, preeclampsia is a condition that pregnant women develop. It’s marked by high blood pressure in women who haven’t had high blood pressure before. Preeclamptic women will have a high level of protein in their urine and often also have swelling in the feet, legs, and hands. This condition usually appears late in pregnancy, though it can happen earlier.

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Menorrhagia is the medical term for menstrual periods with abnormally heavy or prolonged bleeding. Although heavy menstrual bleeding is a common concern, most women don’t experience blood loss severe enough to be defined as menorrhagia. Every woman experiences their monthly menstrual cycle differently. For some, heavy menstrual bleeding may occur, while for others, a prolonged period will occur where bleeding takes place for more days than what is normal. Menorrhagia is the medical term used for prolonged or heavy menstrual bleeding.  There are many causes for menorrhagia including hormonal imbalance, uterine fibroids, stress, abortions, ectopic pregnancies and many other known factors.  Menorrhagia can be treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, as well as with iron supplements (if the condition is caused by anemia) and birth control pills (for hormonal related causes).

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Digital mammography is a mammogram that uses computer aided detection (CAD) to take a digital x-ray of the breast in order to screen for abnormal changes in breast tissue, including cancer.  A mammogram using CAD records the x-ray images in computer code instead of on x-ray films and allows the images to be viewed and analyzed on a computer monitor.   Digital mammography is widely becoming a more preferred method for both doctors and patients for many reasons, including less discomfort to the patient, clearer and more concise results, shorter exam times and the flexibility of having the x-rays electronically stored vs. on film.

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Cesarean delivery (also called a cesarean section or C-section) is the surgical delivery of a baby by an incision through the mother’s abdomen (belly) and uterus(womb). Cesarean delivery (also called a cesarean section or C-section) is the surgical delivery of a baby by an incision through the mother’s abdomen (belly) and uterus(womb). This procedure is done when it is determined to be a safer method than a vaginal delivery for the mother, baby, or both. In a cesarean delivery, an incision (cut) is made in the skin and into the uterus at the lower part of the mother’s abdomen. The incision in the skin may be vertical (longitudinal) or transverse (horizontal), and the incision in the uterus may be vertical or transverse. A transverse incision extends across the pubic hairline, whereas, a vertical incision extends from the navel to the pubic hairline. A transverse uterine incision is used most often, because it heals well and there is less bleeding. Transverse uterine incisions also increase the chance for vaginal birth in a future pregnancy. However, the type of incision depends on the conditions of the mother and the fetus..

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An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that forms on or inside an ovary. In some cases, the cyst can break open (rupture). The ovaries are a pair of small, oval-shaped organs in the lower part of a woman’s belly (abdomen). About once a month, one of the ovaries releases an egg. The ovaries also make the hormones estrogen and progesterone. These play roles in pregnancy, the menstrual cycle, and breast growth. An ovarian cyst can develop for different reasons. Most ovarian cysts are harmless. A cyst that ruptures may cause no symptoms, or only mild symptoms. Ruptured cysts that cause mild symptoms can often be managed with pain medicines. The cyst may be looked at with an imaging test such as an ultrasound.

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