Uterine fibroid embolization is a procedure to shrink noncancerous tumors in the uterus called uterine fibroids. Uterine fibroid embolization shrinks fibroids by blocking off their blood supply. The doctor injects very small particles like sand into the arteries that supply the fibroids. The particles stick to the vessel wall. This causes a clot to develop that blocks off the blood supply. Once the blood supply is gone, the fibroids shrink. Your symptoms usually ease or go away over time. Uterine artery embolization is a minimally invasive treatment for uterine fibroids, noncancerous growths in the uterus. In uterine artery embolization — also called uterine fibroid embolization — a doctor uses a slender, flexible tube (catheter) to inject small particles (embolic agents) into the uterine arteries, which supply blood to your fibroids and uterus.

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Bacterial vaginosis is a common vaginal infection that usually (but not always) goes away on its own within a few days. This condition is caused by excessive bacteria that may normally be present in the vagina, but when these bacteria are present in large numbers, they may cause symptoms such as a discharge or odor.  Medical experts are not sure exactly what causes bacterial vaginosis, but do agree that if a woman has more than one sex partner, smokes or douches, she is at higher risk.  Bacterial vaginosis can typically be cured with a prescription antibiotic. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) also increases the risk of developing a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Bacterial vaginitis (BV) is the most common vaginal infection among women aged 15 to 44 years. Symptoms, if they appear, may include itching and a gray, watery discharge with a “fishy” smell Bacterial vaginosis, also known as vaginal bacteriosis, is the most common cause of vaginal infection for women of childbearing age. It frequently develops after sexual intercourse with a new partner, and it is rare for a woman to have it if she has never had sexual intercourse. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) also increases the risk of developing a sexually transmitted infection (STI). However, BV is not considered an STI.

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Anemia is a condition that develops when your blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a main part of red blood cells and binds oxygen. If you have too few or abnormal red blood cells, or your hemoglobin is abnormal or low, the cells in your body will not get enough oxygen. Anemia is a condition in which you don’t have enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to the body’s tissues. Having anemia may make you feel tired and weak. There are many forms of anemia, each with its own cause. Anemia can be temporary or long term, and it can range from mild to severe. See your doctor if you suspect you have anemia because it can be a warning sign of serious illness. There are more than 400 diagnosable types of anemia, also known as lack of blood, which are typically divided into three categories: anemia caused by blood loss (such as menstruation and childbirth), anemia caused by faulty red blood cell production (such as Sickle Cell Anemia and iron deficient conditions) and anemia caused by the destruction of red blood cells (such as the condition known as hemophiliac).

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The myometrium is the middle layer of the uterine wall, consisting mainly of uterine smooth muscle cells, but also of supporting stromal and vascular tissue. Its main function is to induce uterine contractions. The myometrium is located between the endometrium, and the serosa or perimetrium. Myometrium has 3 layers: outer longitudinal smooth muscles, middle crisscrossing muscle fibres, and inner circular fibres, Middle crisscross fibres act as living ligature during involution of the uterus and prevent blood loss. The inner one-third of the myometrium appears to be derived from the Müllerian duct, while the outer, more predominant layer of the myometrium appears to originate from non-Mullerian tissue, and is the major contractile tissue during parturition and abortion. The junctional layer appears to function like a circular muscle layer, capable of peristaltic and anti-peristaltic activity, equivalent to the muscular layer of the intestines.

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The perimetrium (or serous coat of uterus) is the outer serosa layer of the uterus, equivalent to peritoneum. It is embrionically derived from visceral peritoneum. Perimetrium consists of superficial mesothelium, and a thin layer of loose connective tissue beneath it. The posterior surface of the uterus is completely covered by the perimetrium, but the anterior surface only partially. The perimetrium is the outermost layer of the uterus. The uterus is composed of three layers: The perimetrium, a thin external border, The myometrium, the thick and muscular middle layer, The endometrium, the inner lining that thickens and grows monthly to prepare for pregnancy. If pregnancy does not occur, the endometrium sheds during menstruation. The perimetrium may also be called the uterine serosa.

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Absent menstruation, or amenorrhea, is the absence of menstrual bleeding. It happens when a girl hasn’t had her first menstrual period by age 16. It also occurs then a woman fails to menstruate for 3 to 6 months. There are two types of absent menstruation. The type depends on whether menstruation hasn’t occurred by a certain age, or whether menstruation has occurred and is then absent. Absent menstruation may occur for a variety of reasons. The most common of these include natural causes, lifestyle factors, and hormonal imbalances. It’s important to see a doctor about absent menstruation, as the underlying cause may require treatment. Absent menstruation often resolves once the cause is treated. Amenorrhea can happen for many reasons. The most common cause is pregnancy. However, amenorrhea may also be caused by various lifestyle factors, including body weight and exercise levels. In some cases, hormonal imbalances or problems with the reproductive organs might be the cause.

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Amniocentesis is a procedure used to obtain a small sample of the amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus during pregnancy. Amniotic fluid is a clear, pale yellow fluid made by the fetus. The fluid protects the fetus from injury and helps to regulate the temperature of the fetus. In addition to various enzymes, proteins, hormones, and other substances, the amniotic fluid contains cells shed by the fetus. These cells contain genetic information that can be used to diagnose chromosomal disorders and open neural tube defects (ONTDs), such as spina bifida. Testing may be available for other genetic defects and metabolic disorders depending on the family history and availability of lab testing at the time of the procedure. Amniotic fluid also contains other substances that provide information about certain conditions. An amniocentesis may be performed in late pregnancy to check fetal well-being and diagnose fetal conditions, such as infection. An amniocentesis may be performed to check for fetal lung maturity if a baby is expected to be delivered early. Specific substances present in the amniotic fluid can be measured or tested for these conditions.

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Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a condition in which a woman has severe depression symptoms, irritability, and tension before menstruation. The symptoms of PMDD are more severe than those seen with premenstrual syndrome (PMS). PMS refers to a wide range of physical or emotional symptoms that most often occur about 5 to 11 days before a woman starts her monthly menstrual cycle. In most cases, the symptoms stop when, or shortly after, her period begins.
Causes: The causes of PMS and PMDD have not been found, Hormone changes that occur during a woman’s menstrual cycle may play a role, PMDD affects a small number of women during the years when they are having menstrual periods. Many women with this condition have: Anxiety, Severe depression, Seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a severe, sometimes disabling extension of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Although regular PMS and PMDD both have physical and emotional symptoms. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) has a wide variety of signs and symptoms, including mood swings, tender breasts, food cravings, fatigue, irritability and depression. It’s estimated that as many as 3 of every 4 menstruating women have experienced some form of premenstrual syndrome. Symptoms tend to recur in a predictable pattern. But the physical and emotional changes you experience with premenstrual syndrome may vary from just slightly noticeable all the way to intense.

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Estrogen replacement therapy listen Treatment with the hormone estrogen to increase the amount of estrogen in the body. It is given to women who have gone through menopause or to women who have early menopause caused by cancer treatment or by having their ovaries removed by surgery. Estrogen replacement therapy may help relieve symptoms of menopause, such as hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, and sleep problems. It may also help protect against osteoporosis (thinning of the bones) and lower the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Also called ERT. estrogen replacement therapy (ERT), the decision-making isn’t over. There are many types of estrogen therapy in many different forms — pills, patches, suppositories, and more. The best type of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) depends on your health, your symptoms, personal preference, and what you need to get out of treatment. For example, if you still have your uterus, then estrogen will be given in combination with the hormone progestin. Estrogen replacement therapy listen Treatment with the hormone estrogen to increase the amount of estrogen in the body. It is given to women who have gone through menopause or to women who have early menopause caused by cancer treatment or by having their ovaries removed by surgery. Estrogen replacement therapy may help relieve symptoms of menopause, such as hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, and sleep problems. It may also help protect against osteoporosis (thinning of the bones) and lower the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Also called ERT.

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Oocyte maturation refers to a release of meiotic arrest that allows oocytes to advance from prophase I to metaphase II of meiosis. Normal female fertility relies on proper development of the oocyte. This growth culminates just prior to ovulation, when oocyte maturation occurs. Oocyte maturation refers to a release of meiotic arrest that allows oocytes to advance from prophase I to metaphase II of meiosis. This precisely regulated meiotic progression is essential for normal ovulation and subsequent fertilization, and involves changes in the delicate balance between factors promoting meiotic arrest and others that are stimulating maturation. Most of the inhibitory mechanisms appear to involve the upregulation of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels. These processes may include direct transport of the nucleotide into oocytes via gap junctions, G protein-mediated stimulation of adenylyl cyclase, and inhibition of intracellular phosphodiesterases.

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