Paget’s disease of the breast is a type of cancer that outwardly may have the appearance of eczema, with skin changes involving the nipple of the breast. The condition in itself often appears innocuous, limited to a surface appearance and it is sometimes dismissed, although actually indicative of underlying breast cancer. Paget’s disease of the breast is a rare form of breast cancer. Paget’s disease of the breast starts on the nipple and extends to the dark circle of skin (areola) around the nipple. Paget’s disease of the breast isn’t related to Paget’s disease of the bone, a metabolic bone disease. Paget’s disease of the breast affects your nipple and usually the skin (areola) surrounding it. It’s easy to mistake the signs and symptoms of Paget’s disease of the breast for skin irritation (dermatitis) or another noncancerous (benign) skin condition. Possible signs and symptoms of Paget’s disease of the breast include: Flaky or scaly skin on your nipple, Crusty, oozing or hardened skin resembling eczema on the nipple, areola or both, Itching, Redness, A tingling or burning sensation, Straw-colored or bloody nipple discharge, A flattened or turned-in (inverted) nipple, A lump in the breast, Thickening skin on the breast. Signs and symptoms usually occur in one breast only. The disease typically starts in the nipple and may spread to the areola and other areas of the breast. The skin changes may come and go early on, or respond to topical treatment, making it appear as if your skin is healing.

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Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is an uncommon condition in which abnormal cells form in the milk glands (lobules) in the breast. LCIS usually doesn’t show up on mammograms. The condition is most often discovered as a result of a breast biopsy done for another reason, such as a suspicious breast lump or an abnormal mammogram Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) may also be called lobular neoplasia. In this breast change, cells that look like cancer cells are growing in the milk-producing glands of the breast (called the lobules), but they don’t grow through the wall of the lobules. Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is an area (or areas) of abnormal cell growth that increases a person’s risk of developing invasive breast cancer later on in life. Lobular means that the abnormal cells start growing in the lobules, the milk-producing glands at the end of breast ducts. Carcinoma refers to any cancer that begins in the skin or other tissues that cover internal organs — such as breast tissue.

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Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC), sometimes called infiltrating lobular carcinoma, is the second most common type of breast cancer after invasive ductal carcinoma. Invasive lobular carcinoma is a type of breast cancer that begins in the milk-producing glands (lobules) of the breast. Invasive cancer means the cancer cells have broken out of the lobule where they began and have the potential to spread to the lymph nodes and other areas of the body. Invasive lobular carcinoma makes up a small portion of all breast cancers. The most common type of breast cancer begins in the breast ducts (invasive ductal carcinoma). Symptoms: At its earliest stages, invasive lobular carcinoma may cause no signs and symptoms. As it grows larger, invasive lobular carcinoma may cause: An area of thickening in part of the breast, A new area of fullness or swelling in the breast, A change in the texture or appearance of the skin over the breast, such as dimpling or thickening, A newly inverted nipple, Invasive lobular carcinoma is less likely than other forms of breast cancer to cause a firm or distinct breast lump. Invasive means that the cancer has “invaded” or spread to the surrounding breast tissues. Lobular means that the cancer began in the milk-producing lobules, which empty out into the ducts that carry milk to the nipple. Carcinoma refers to any cancer that begins in the skin or other tissues that cover internal organs — such as breast tissue. All together, “invasive lobular carcinoma” refers to cancer that has broken through the wall of the lobule and begun to invade the tissues of the breast. Over time, invasive lobular carcinoma can spread to the lymph nodes and possibly to other areas of the body.

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Background: Women undergoing normal delivery experience pain with a variable degree. Paracetamol which is acetaminophen drug is one of the used drugs with a high safety and effectiveness against pain. Researches that addressed the potency of paracetamol as an analgesic medication in labour and cesarean sections revealed good results.
Methods: A randomized controlled study which was conducted at Algezeera and Almarwa hospital, Kasralainy hospital and Ainshams University, Egypt in the period from February 2017 till August 2018 on multigravida women undergoing normal vaginal delivery that were randomly divided into 2 groups, one received pethidine and the second received non-steroidalanti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) (Diclofenac).
Results: The present study revealed that there was a statistically significant difference between pethidine and NSAID in VAS score after 15 minutes with better analgesic effect in pethidine group revealing a more rapid onset of action in pethidine. In the current study, there was no statistically significant difference between pethidine and NSAID in VAS score after 30 minutes, one hour, 2 hours between the 2 groups.
Conclusion: NSAID (Diclofenac) have comparable results in pain control in active phase of labour when compared to pethidine with more rapid onset of action of pethidine.

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More info about article:  http://sciaeon.org/articles/Pethidine-in-Comparison-to-Nonsteroidalanti-Inflammatory-Drugs-in-Controlling-Pain-during-Labour-in-Multigravida-A-Double-Blind-Randomized-Controlled-Trial.pdf

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Inflammatory breast cancer is a rare and very aggressive disease in which cancer cells block lymph vessels in the skin of the breast. This type of breast cancer is called “inflammatory” because the breast often looks swollen and red, or inflamed. Most inflammatory breast cancers are invasive ductal carcinomas, which means they developed from cells that line the milk ducts of the breast and then spread beyond the ducts. Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is rare. It differs from other types of breast cancer in its symptoms, outlook, and treatment. Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) has some symptoms of inflammation like swelling and redness. But infection or injury do not cause IBC or the symptoms. IBC symptoms are caused by cancer cells blocking lymph vessels in the skin. Symptoms include breast swelling, purple or red color of the skin, and pitting or thickening of the skin of the breast so that it may look and feel like an orange peel. Often, you might not feel a lump. Inflammatory breast cancer occurs when cancer cells block the lymphatic vessels in skin covering the breast, causing the characteristic red, swollen appearance of the breast. Inflammatory breast cancer is considered a locally advanced cancer – meaning it has spread from its point of origin to nearby tissue and possibly to nearby lymph nodes. Inflammatory breast cancer can easily be confused with a breast infection, which is a much more common cause of breast redness and swelling. Seek medical attention promptly if you notice skin changes on your breast.

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Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is the presence of abnormal cells inside a milk duct in the breast. It is considered the earliest form of breast cancer. DCIS is noninvasive, meaning it hasn’t spread out of the milk duct and has a low risk of becoming invasive. DCIS is usually found during a mammogram done as part of breast cancer screening or to investigate a breast lump. While DCIS isn’t an emergency, it does require an evaluation and a consideration of treatment options. Treatment may include breast-conserving surgery combined with radiation or surgery to remove all of the breast tissue. Symptoms: DCIS doesn’t typically have any signs or symptoms. However, DCIS can sometimes cause signs such as: A breast lump, Bloody nipple discharge, DCIS is usually found on a mammogram and appears as small clusters of calcifications that have irregular shapes and sizes.

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Vaginal bleeding is any bleeding through the vagina, including bleeding from the vaginal wall itself, as well as bleeding from another location of the female reproductive system, often the uterus. Generally, it is either part of a normal menstrual cycle or is caused by hormonal or other problems of the reproductive system, such as abnormal uterine bleeding. Vaginal bleeding may occur at any age, but always needs investigation when encountered in children or in postmenopausal women. Vaginal bleeding during pregnancy may indicate a possible pregnancy complication that needs to be medically addressed. Blood loss per vaginam typically arises from the lining of the uterus, but may arise from uterine or cervical lesions, the vagina, and rarely from the fallopian tube. During pregnancy it is usually but not always related to the pregnancy itself. Rarely, the blood may arise from the urinary tract, although most women can identify the difference. It can also be a sign of vaginal cancer or uterine cancer. Some women experience postcoital bleeding that occurs after sexual intercourse.

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Dysmenorrhea, also known as painful periods, or menstrual cramps, is pain during menstruation. Its usual onset occurs around the time that menstruation begins. Symptoms typically last less than three days. The pain is usually in the pelvis or lower abdomen. Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for pain with menstruation. There are two types of dysmenorrhea: “primary” and “secondary”. Primary dysmenorrhea is common menstrual cramps that are recurrent (come back) and are not due to other diseases. Pain usually begins 1 or 2 days before, or when menstrual bleeding starts, and is felt in the lower abdomen, back, or thighs. Pain can range from mild to severe, can typically last 12 to 72 hours, and can be accompanied by nausea-and-vomiting, fatigue, and even diarrhea.

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Chronic pelvic pain is pain in the area below your bellybutton and between your hips that lasts six months or longer. Chronic pelvic pain can have multiple causes. It can be a symptom of another disease, or it can be a condition in its own right. If your chronic pelvic pain appears to be caused by another medical problem, treating that problem may be enough to eliminate your pain. Symptoms: When asked to locate your pain, you might sweep your hand over your entire pelvic area rather than point to a single spot. You might describe your chronic pelvic pain in one or more of the following ways: Severe and steady pain, Pain that comes and goes (intermittent), Dull aching, Sharp pains or cramping, Pressure or heaviness deep within your pelvis. In addition, you may experience: Pain during intercourse, Pain while having a bowel movement or urinating, Pain when you sit for long periods of time.

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Endometrial cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the uterus. The uterus is the hollow, pear-shaped pelvic organ in women where fetal development occurs. Endometrial cancer begins in the layer of cells that form the lining (endometrium) of the uterus. Endometrial cancer is sometimes called uterine cancer. Other types of cancer can form in the uterus, including uterine sarcoma, but they are much less common than endometrial cancer. Endometrial cancer is often detected at an early stage because it frequently produces abnormal vaginal bleeding, which prompts women to see their doctors. If endometrial cancer is discovered early, removing the uterus surgically often cures endometrial cancer. Symptoms: Signs and symptoms of endometrial cancer may include: Vaginal bleeding after menopause, Bleeding between periods, An abnormal, watery or blood-tinged discharge from your vagina, Pelvic pain.

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