Laparoscopic Oophorectomy

Laparoscopic Oophorectomy is a procedure to remove one or both of a woman’s ovaries. A unilateral oophorectomy removes one ovary; a bilateral oophorectomy removes both. The procedure is frequently performed in conjunction with other surgeries, such as a hysterectomy (removal of uterus) for women who have undergone menopause or a salpingectomy (removal of fallopian tubes). An oophorectomy may be performed for: A tubo-ovarian abscess – a pus-filled pocket involving a fallopian tube and an ovary, Ovarian cancer, Endometriosis, Noncancerous (benign) ovarian tumors or cysts, Reducing the risk of ovarian cancer or breast cancer in those at increased risk, Ovarian torsion – the twisting of an ovary.

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Obstetric Fistula

Obstetric Fistula is an unnatural connection related to childbirth. The dead tissue results in holes (fistula) in the walls separating the woman’s reproductive and excretory systems. So after losing her baby, a woman must live with a never-ending flow of urine and/or feces that destroys her life. Obstetric Fistula is an injury that happens when quality c-section is unavailable. An obstetric fistula is a hole between the vagina and rectum or bladder that is caused by prolonged obstructed labor, leaving a woman incontinent of urine or feces or both. Obstetric fistula is one of the most serious and tragic childbirth injuries. It is a hole between the birth canal and bladder or rectum caused by prolonged, obstructed labour, without access to timely, high-quality medical treatment. It leaves women leaking urine, faeces or both, and often leads to chronic medical problems, depression, social isolation and deepening poverty.

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Infertility

Infertility happens when a couple cannot conceive after having regular unprotected sex. It may be that one partner cannot contribute to conception, or that a woman is unable to carry a pregnancy to full term. It is often defined as not conceiving after 12 months of regular sexual intercourse without the use of birth control. Infertility is defined as not being able to get pregnant despite having frequent, unprotected sex for at least a year for most couples. Infertility may result from an issue with either you or your partner, or a combination of factors that interfere with pregnancy. Fortunately, there are many safe and effective therapies that significantly improve your chances of getting pregnant.
Most cases of female infertility are caused by problems with ovulation. Without ovulation, there are no eggs to be fertilized. Less common causes of fertility problems in women include: Blocked fallopian tubes due to pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, or surgery for an ectopic pregnancy.

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Vagina

The vagina is a muscular canal lined with nerves and mucus membranes. It connects the uterus and cervix to the outside of the body, allowing for menstruation, intercourse, and childbirth. n humans, it extends from the vulva to the cervix. The outer vaginal opening is normally partly covered by a membrane called the hymen. At the deep end, the cervix (neck of the uterus) bulges into the vagina. The vagina allows for sexual intercourse and birth. It also channels menstrual flow (menses), which occurs in humans and closely related primates as part of the monthly menstrual cycle. The vaginal opening is much larger than the nearby urethral opening, and both are protected by the labia in humans.

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Cesarean Delivery

Cesarean delivery (also called a cesarean section or C-section) is the surgical delivery of a baby by an incision through the mother’s abdomen (belly) and uterus(womb). This procedure is done when it is determined to be a safer method than a vaginal delivery for the mother, baby, or both. In a cesarean delivery, an incision (cut) is made in the skin and into the uterus at the lower part of the mother’s abdomen. The incision in the skin may be vertical (longitudinal) or transverse (horizontal), and the incision in the uterus may be vertical or transverse. If a woman is unable to deliver vaginally, the fetus is delivered surgically by performing a cesarean delivery. Some cesarean deliveries are planned and scheduled, while others may be done as a result of problems that occur during labor.

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Placental Abruption

Placental abruption (abruptio placentae) is an uncommon yet serious complication of pregnancy. The placenta develops in the uterus during pregnancy. It attaches to the wall of the uterus and supplies the baby with nutrients and oxygen. Placental abruption occurs when the placenta partially or completely separates from the inner wall of the uterus before delivery. This can decrease or block the baby’s supply of oxygen and nutrients and cause heavy bleeding in the mother.
Symptoms: Placental abruption is most likely to occur in the last trimester of pregnancy, especially in the last few weeks before birth. Signs and symptoms of placental abruption include: Vaginal bleeding, Abdominal pain, Back pain, Uterine tenderness, Uterine contractions, often coming one right after another, Firmness in the uterus or abdomen. Abdominal pain and back pain often begin suddenly. The amount of vaginal bleeding can vary greatly, and doesn’t necessarily correspond to how much of the placenta has separated from the uterus. It’s possible for the blood to become trapped inside the uterus, so even with a severe placental abruption, there might be no visible bleeding.

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Bleeding in Pregnancy

Maternal bleeding, or bleeding during pregnancy and delivery, can mean a number of things. It is possible that maternal bleeding is a.) a symptom of early pregnancy, b.) a sign of a more serious condition, or c.) an emergency situation (maternal hemorrhaging). Some women experience light bleeding, or spotting, early in their pregnancies. This is often due to implantation bleeding or cervical bleeding, both of which generally pose no serious threat to the mother or baby. However, because it may be difficult to know for sure that one of these is the cause of bleeding, it is important to consult a medical professional if there is any bleeding during pregnancy. As the fertilized egg implants in the uterine lining, some women may experience spotting (a few drops of blood every now and then). This is called implantation bleeding, and it can occur in the first 1-2 weeks after conception. Often, women mistake implantation bleeding for a light period and do not yet know they are pregnant. Early in pregnancy, additional blood vessels develop in the cervical area. As a result, the cervix may bleed more easily after sexual intercourse or a procedure such as a pap smear .

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Hysterectomy

A hysterectomy is an operation to remove a woman’s uterus. A woman may have a hysterectomy for different reasons, including: Uterine fibroids that cause pain, bleeding, or other problems. Uterine prolapse, which is a sliding of the uterus from its normal position into the vaginal canal. Hysterectomy is a surgical procedure characterized by the surgical removal of the uterus. Salpingo-oophorectomy is a surgical procedure characterized by the surgical removal of the fallopian tube and ovary. Hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus. It may also involve removal of the cervix, ovaries, fallopian tubes and other surrounding structures. Usually performed by a gynecologist, a hysterectomy may be total or partial. It is the most commonly performed gynecological surgical procedure.

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Cystectomy

Cystectomy is a surgical procedure to remove either part or all of the bladder, usually to treat bladder cancer.  Cystectomy is a medical term for surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder. It may also be rarely used to refer to the removal of a cyst. The most common condition warranting removal of the urinary bladder is bladder cancer. Two main types of cystectomies can be performed. A partial cystectomy (also known as a segmental cystectomy) involves removal of only a portion of the bladder. A radical cystectomy involves removal of the entire bladder along with surrounding lymph nodes and other nearby organs that contain cancer. Evaluation of the tissue removed during cystectomy and lymph node dissection aids in determining pathological cancer staging. This type of cancer staging can be used to determine further work-up, treatment, and follow-up needed along with potential prognosis. After the bladder has been removed, a urinary diversion is necessary to allow elimination of urine.

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Amniotic Fluid Embolism

Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a life threatening obstetric emergency characterized by sudden cardiorespiratory collapse and disseminated intravascular coagulation. It is a rare but serious condition that occurs when amniotic fluid – the fluid that surrounds a baby in the uterus during pregnancy – or fetal material, such as fetal cells, enters the mother’s bloodstream. Amniotic fluid embolism is most likely to occur during delivery or in the immediate postpartum period.
Symptoms: Amniotic fluid embolism might develop suddenly and rapidly. Signs and symptoms might include: Sudden shortness of breath, Excess fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema), Sudden low blood pressure, Sudden failure of the heart to effectively pump blood (cardiovascular collapse), Life-threatening problems with blood clotting (disseminated intravascular coagulopathy), Bleeding from the uterus, cesarean incision or intravenous (IV) sites, Altered mental status, such as anxiety or a sense of doom, Chills, Rapid heart rate or disturbances in the rhythm of the heart rate, Fetal distress, such as a slow heart rate, or other fetal heart rate abnormalities, Seizures, Loss of consciousness.

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