Uterine fibroids are noncancerous growths of the uterus that often appear during childbearing years. Also called leiomyomas (lie-o-my-O-muhs) or myomas, uterine fibroids aren’t associated with an increased risk of uterine cancer and almost never develop into cancer. Fibroids range in size from seedlings, undetectable by the human eye, to bulky masses that can distort and enlarge the uterus.
Symptoms: Many women who have fibroids don’t have any symptoms. In those that do, symptoms can be influenced by the location, size and number of fibroids. In women who have symptoms, the most common symptoms of uterine fibroids include: Heavy menstrual bleeding, Menstrual periods lasting more than a week, Pelvic pressure or pain. Frequent urination, Difficulty emptying the bladder, Constipation, Backache or leg pains. Rarely, a fibroid can cause acute pain when it outgrows its blood supply, and begins to die. Fibroids are generally classified by their location. Intramural fibroids grow within the muscular uterine wall. Submucosal fibroids bulge into the uterine cavity. Subserosal fibroids project to the outside of the uterus.

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The uterus is a hollow muscular organ located in the female pelvis between the bladder and rectum. The ovaries produce the eggs that travel through the fallopian tubes. Once the egg has left the ovary it can be fertilized and implant itself in the lining of the uterus. The main function of the uterus is to nourish the developing fetus prior to birth. Uterus, also called womb, an inverted pear-shaped muscular organ of the female reproductive system, located between the bladder and the rectum. It functions to nourish and house a fertilized egg until the unborn child, or offspring, is ready to be delivered. The uterus has four major regions: the fundus is the broad curved upper area in which the fallopian tubes connect to the uterus; the body, the main part of the uterus, starts directly below the level of the fallopian tubes and continues downward until the uterine walls and cavity begin to narrow; the isthmus is the lower, narrow neck region; and the lowest section, the cervix, extends downward from the isthmus until it opens into the vagina. The uterus is 6 to 8 cm (2.4 to 3.1 inches) long; its wall thickness is approximately 2 to 3 cm (0.8 to 1.2 inches). The width of the organ varies; it is generally about 6 cm wide at the fundus and only half this distance at the isthmus. The uterine cavity opens into the vaginal cavity, and the two make up what is commonly known as the birth canal.

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Pregnancy has a profound impact on the thyroid gland and thyroid function since the thyroid may encounter changes to hormones and size during pregnancy.  The diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum is complex but knowledge regarding the interaction between the thyroid and pregnancy/the postpartum period is advancing at a rapid pace. Hormone Changes: A normal pregnancy results in a number of important physiological and hormonal changes that alter thyroid function. These changes mean that laboratory tests of thyroid function must be interpreted with caution during pregnancy. Thyroid function tests change during pregnancy due to the influence of two main hormones: human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), the hormone that is measured in the pregnancy test and estrogen, the main female hormone. HCG can weakly turn on the thyroid and the high circulating hCG levels in the first trimester may result in a slightly low TSH (called subclinical hyperthyroidism).

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Vaginitis is a medical term used to describe various disorders that cause infection or inflammation of the vagina. Vulvovaginitis refers to inflammation of both the vagina and vulva (the external female genitals). These conditions can result from an infection caused by organisms such as bacteria, yeast, or viruses. Irritations from chemicals in creams, sprays, or even clothing that are in contact with this area can also result in vaginitis. In some cases, vaginitis results from organisms that are passed between sexual partners, vaginal dryness and lack of estrogen. There are certain things that you can do to decrease the chance of getting vaginitis. If you suffer from yeast infections, it usually is helpful to avoid garments that hold in heat and moisture. The wearing of nylon panties, pantyhose without a cotton panel and tight spandex or jeans may lead to yeast infections.

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Leiomyomata uteri (uterine leiomyoma/fibroid) is a neoplasm that involves the smooth muscle of the uterus (arises form the myometrium) and is the most common tumor in females.  These are commonly referred to as fibroids. This is an estrogen dependent tumor (size increases with pregnancy and decreases with menopause). Leiomyoma is usually not precancerous (does not progress to malignant leiomyosarcoma), however it does present often with multiple discrete tumors that can cause uterine bleeding or result in a miscarriage.

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Endometriosis is a common condition in women. The endometrium is the inner lining of the uterus (womb); this tissue normally cycles through stages of growth and shedding during the menstrual cycle. Endometriosis occurs when the endometrium is present outside the usual location. Endometriosis may occur in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina, or other parts of the uterus. Rarely, endometriosis may occur in the abdomen and lungs. Endometriosis is common among women of reproductive age. An estimated 11% of women in the United States may have endometriosis. Women without prior pregnancies, women with a family history of endometriosis, and women with abnormal menstrual periods are more likely to have endometriosis.

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Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female reproductive organs. It usually occurs when sexually transmitted bacteria spread from your vagina to your uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries. Pelvic inflammatory disease often causes no signs or symptoms. As a result, you might not realize you have the condition and get needed treatment. The condition might be detected later if you have trouble getting pregnant or if you develop chronic pelvic pain.
Symptoms: Signs and symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease might include: Pain in your lower abdomen and pelvis, Heavy vaginal discharge with an unpleasant odor, Abnormal uterine bleeding, especially during or after intercourse, or between menstrual cycles, Pain or bleeding during intercourse, Fever, sometimes with chills, Painful or difficult urination.

Women’s Health and Complications

Editorial Board: Giovanni Larciprete, Alfredo Ovalle Salas, Olfa Slimani

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Pregnancy is officially diagnosed early on by blood or urine tests. Nowadays home pregnancy tests are accurate fairly early on. Pregnancy can also be diagnosed by ultrasound or a physical exam by a practitioner. The diagnosis of pregnancy requires a multifaceted approach using 3 main diagnostic tools. These are history and physical examination, laboratory evaluation, and ultrasonography. Currently, physicians may use all of these tools to diagnose pregnancy at early gestation and to help rule out other pathologies.

Women’s Health and Complications

Editorial Board: Giovanni Larciprete, Alfredo Ovalle Salas, Olfa Slimani

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Reproductive endocrinology and infertility (REI) is a surgical subspecialty of obstetrics and gynecology that trains physicians in reproductive medicine addressing hormonal functioning as it pertains to reproduction as well as the issue of infertility. While most REI specialists primarily focus on the treatment of infertility, reproductive endocrinologists are trained to also evaluate and treat hormonal dysfunctions in females and males outside infertility. Reproductive endocrinologists have specialty training in obstetrics and gynecology (ob-gyn) before they undergo sub-specialty training (fellowship) in REI. Reproductive surgery is a related specialty, where a physician in ob-gyn or urology further specializes to operate on anatomical disorders that affect fertility.

Women’s Health and Complications

Editorial Board: Giovanni Larciprete, Alfredo Ovalle Salas, Olfa Slimani

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Laparoscopic surgery, also called minimally invasive surgery (MIS), bandaid surgery, or keyhole surgery, is a modern surgical technique. There are a number of advantages to the patient with laparoscopic surgery versus the more common, open procedure. These include reduced pain due to smaller incisions, reduced hemorrhaging and shorter recovery time.. Laparoscopic surgery includes operations within the abdominal or pelvic cavities, whereas keyhole surgery performed on the thoracic or chest cavity is called thoracoscopic surgery. Specific surgical instruments used in a laparoscopic surgery include forceps, scissors, probes, dissectors, hooks, and retractors. Laparoscopic and thoracoscopic surgery belong to the broader field of endoscopy.

Women’s Health and Complications

Editorial Board: Giovanni Larciprete, Alfredo Ovalle Salas, Olfa Slimani

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