Reproductive medicine is a branch of medicine that deals with prevention, diagnosis and management of reproductive problems; goals include improving or maintaining reproductive health and allowing people to have children at a time of their choosing. It is founded on knowledge of reproductive anatomy, physiology, and endocrinology, and incorporates relevant aspects of molecular biology, biochemistry and pathology. Reproductive medicine addresses issues of sexual education, puberty, family planning, birth control, infertility, reproductive system disease (including sexually transmitted diseases) and sexual dysfunction. In women, reproductive medicine also covers menstruation, ovulation, pregnancy and menopause, as well as gynecologic disorders that affect fertility.The field cooperates with and overlaps mainly with reproductive endocrinology and infertility, sexual medicine and andrology, but also to some degree with gynecology, obstetrics, urology, genitourinary medicine, medical endocrinology, pediatric endocrinology, genetics, and psychiatry.

Women’s Health and Complications

Editorial Board: Tetsuji Yamada, James Michael Hardin, Konstantinos Tsirigotis

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A couple is considered as infertile if they have not been able to reproduce or conceive over a time span of one year after regular and unprotected sex. When the cause of infertility is specific to the female partner, it is known as female infertility. Most cases of female infertility are caused by problems with ovulation. Without ovulation, there are no eggs to be fertilized. Less common causes of fertility problems in women include: Blocked fallopian tubes due to pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, or surgery for an ectopic pregnancy. Pregnancy is the result of a process that has many steps. To get pregnant: A woman’s body must release an egg from one of her ovaries (ovulation), The egg must go through a fallopian tube toward the uterus (womb), A man’s sperm must join with (fertilize) the egg along the way, The fertilized egg must attach to the inside of the uterus (implantation).

Women’s Health and Complications

Editorial Board: Vladimir Zaichick, Baris Baykal, Nurullah Hamidi

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Gynecologic oncology is a specialized field of medicine that focuses on cancers of the female reproductive system, including ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, vaginal cancer, cervical cancer, and vulvar cancer. As specialists, they have extensive training in the diagnosis and treatment of these cancers. A Gynecologic oncologist is an obstetrician/gynecologist who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of women with cancer of the reproductive organs. Specifically, the gynecologic oncologist treats cancer of the ovary, endometrium, uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva and trophoblastic disease.

Women’s Health and Complications

Editorial Board: Yen-Chein Lai, Giuseppe Gullo, Giuseppe Murdaca

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The fallopian tubes, also known as oviducts, uterine tubes, or salpinges (singular salpinx) are uterine appendages, lined from inside with ciliated simple columnar epithelium, leading from the ovaries of female mammals into the uterus, via the uterotubal junction. They enable the passage of egg cells from the ovaries to the uterus. In non-mammalian vertebrates, the equivalent structures are just called oviducts. Fallopian tube recanalization (FTR) is a nonsurgical procedure to clear blockages in the fallopian tubes, part of a woman’s reproductive system. The fallopian tubes are important for female fertility. They are the passageways for the eggs to travel from the ovaries to the uterus. During conception: 1. The ovary releases an egg, which travels into the fallopian tube. 2. Sperm travels into the fallopian tubes to fertilize the egg. 3. The resulting embryo is nourished and transported to the uterus where the pregnancy continues.

Women’s Health and Complications

Editorial Board: Prakash Rai, Ronald J Burke, Voultsos Polychronis

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Breastfeeding, also known as nursing, is the feeding of babies and young children with milk from a woman’s breast. Health professionals recommend that breastfeeding begin within the first hour of a baby’s life and continue as often and as much as the baby wants. During the first few weeks of life babies may nurse roughly every two to three hours, and the duration of a feeding is usually ten to fifteen minutes on each breast. Older children feed less often. Mothers may pump milk so that it can be used later when breastfeeding is not possible. Breastfeeding has a number of benefits to both mother and baby, which infant formula lacks

Women’s Health and Complications

Editorial Board: Erich Cosmi, Giampiero Capobianco, Jose Antonio Carugno

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Gynecologic cancer is an uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells that originate from the reproductive organs. There are several types of gynecologic cancers which include cervical, gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), primary peritoneal, ovarian, uterine/endometrial, vaginal and vulvar cancers.

Are Gynecologic Cancers Preventable?: Regular screenings and self-examinations can result in the detection of certain types of gynecologic cancers in their earlier stages, increasing the likelihood of successful treatment and the possibility for a complete cure. It is important to be aware of your family’s history to help determine if you may have a gene that makes you more susceptible to cancer – knowing can increase the chance of prevention or early diagnosis. Lifestyle choices such as diet and exercise can have a significant role in the prevention of cancer.

Women’s Health and Complications

Editorial Board: Alfio Ferlito, Chung-Yi Chen, Ebubekir Dirican

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Reproductive immunology refers to a field of medicine that studies interactions (or the absence of them) between the immune system and components related to the reproductive system, such as maternal immune tolerance towards the fetus, or immunological interactions across the blood-testis barrier. The concept has been used by fertility clinics to explain the fertility problems, recurrent miscarriages and pregnancy complications observed when this state of immunological tolerance is not successfully achieved. Immunological therapy is the new up and coming method for treating many cases of previously “unexplained infertility” or recurrent miscarriage.

Editor-in-Chief: Abdelmonem Awad M Hegazy

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Hypertension is one of the most common complications during pregnancy. Increased maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, It is a sign of an underlying pathology that may be pre- existing or appears for the first time during pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy is a known risk factor for increased cardiovascular risk for both the mother and her offspring. It usually causes a small rise in blood pressure, but some women develop severe hypertension and may be at risk for more serious complications later in pregnancy, like preeclampsia. During pregnancy, your provider checks your blood pressure and urine at every prenatal visit.

Editor-in-Chief: Abdelmonem Awad M Hegazy

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Prenatal testing consists of prenatal screening and prenatal diagnosis, which are aspects of prenatal care that focus on detecting problems with the pregnancy as early as possible. These may be anatomic and physiologic problems with the health of the zygote, embryo, or fetus, either before gestation even starts (as in preimplantation genetic diagnosis) or as early in gestation as practicable. Screening can detect problems such as neural tube defects, chromosome abnormalities, and gene mutations that would lead to genetic disorders and birth defects, such as spina bifida, cleft palate, Downs Syndrome, Tay–Sachs disease, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, and fragile X syndrome. Some tests are designed to discover problems which primarily affect the health of the mother, such as PAPP-A to detect pre-eclampsia or glucose tolerance tests to diagnose gestational diabetes. Screening can also detect anatomical defects such as hydrocephalus, anencephaly, heart defects, and amniotic band syndrome. Prenatal screening focuses on finding problems among a large population with affordable and noninvasive methods. Prenatal diagnosis focuses on pursuing additional detailed information once a particular problem has been found, and can sometimes be more invasive. The most common screening procedures are routine ultrasounds, blood tests, and blood pressure measurement. Common diagnosis procedures include amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling. In some cases, the tests are administered to determine if the fetus will be aborted, though physicians and patients also find it useful to diagnose high-risk pregnancies early so that delivery can be scheduled in a tertiary care hospital where the baby can receive appropriate care.

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Prenatal diagnosis means diagnosis before birth. It is a way for your doctor to see if your developing baby has a problem. The two main methods are amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (CVS). These tests help find genetic disorders before birth. Some parents have increased risk of having a baby with a genetic disorder or other problem. They may want to have one of these tests. Knowing about problems before the baby is born may help parents. They may be able to make better decisions about health care for their infant. Certain problems can be treated before the baby is born. Other problems may need special treatment right after delivery. In some cases, parents may decide not to continue the pregnancy. Amniocentesis or CVS is done when there is an increased risk that the baby may have genetic disorders or birth defects. It is often done if: You are 35 years of age or older by the time your baby is due. You have an increased risk of having a baby with a chromosome abnormality. This could include Down syndrome.1. You had a screening test that showed there could be a problem. 2. You have had a child with Down syndrome or another disorder. 3. This could include spina bifida. 4. You or your partner is a known carrier of a genetic disorder, such as cystic fibrosis.

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